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LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OP 
CALIFORNIA 
SAN  DIEGO 


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THE  UN1VERSITY-UBRAR1 
UUVERSIIY  OF  CAUFORNm  SAN 
LA  JQLiA.  CALIFORI 


- 


SECTION  I 
ENGLISH  LITERATURE 

FROM    ITS    BEGINNING    TO    THE    YEAR    IIOO 


GENERAL    EDITOR 

EDWARD  MILES  BROWN,  PH.D. 

FROFESSOR    OF   THE    ENGLISH    LANGUAGE    AND    LITERATURE 
IN   THE  UNIVERSITY    OF    CINCINNATI 


JUDITH 


AN   OLD   ENGLISH    EPIC 
FRAGMENT 


EDITED    BY 

ALBERT   S.    COOK 

PROFESSOR     OF    THE     ENGLISH     LANGUAGE    AND     LITERA- 
TURE   IN    YALE    UNIVERSITY 


BOSTON,  U.  S.  A.  AND  LONDON 

D.  C.  HEATH  AND   COMPANY 

PUBLISHERS 


COPYRIGHT,    1904,   BY 
D.  C.  HEATH   &  CO. 


Printed  in  United  States  of  America 


Printed  in  U.S.  A. 


preface 


MY  earlier  editing  of  this  poem  provided  considerable 
material  which  I  have  been  able  to  use  with  little  modifi- 
cation in  the  present  work.  On  the  other  hand,  as  the 
plan  of  this  book  is  different,  and  as  new  opinions  on  cer- 
tain points  had  in  the  mean  time  been  broached,  and 
needed  to  be  dealt  with,  the  new  edition  is  not  a  mere 
condensation  of  the  earlier.  In  one  respect,  however,  and 
that  perhaps  the  most  essential,  I  have  been  true  to  my 
first  conception  :  I  have  endeavored  to  present  the  poem, 
fragmentary  though  it  be,  as  a  work  of  art,  being  persuaded 
that  unless  philological  scholarship  tends  to  exalt  life,  and 
the  nobler  aspects  which  life  has  assumed,  or  under  which 
it  has  been  conceived,  the  less  we  have  of  it  the  better. 

YALE  UNIVERSITY, 
Dec.  21, 


SlntroDuctfon 


MANUSCRIPT 

THE  manuscript  is  the  well-known  Cotton  Vitellius 
A.  XV  of  the  British  Museum,  probably  of  the  tenth 
century,  which  likewise  ^"itnJTTio^"1- — 189"  19 Kb)  thru, 
poem  of  Beowulf.  The  whole  manuscript  was  first 
described  by  Wanley,  Catalogus,  pp.  218-219  ;  then  in 
Planta's  Catalogue  of  the  Manuscripts  in  the  Cottonian 
Library  (London,  1802),  and  elsewhere.  Besides  the 
Beowulf  and  the  "Judith,  it  contains  eight  other  pieces, 
these  two  forming  the  final  ones. 

A  fire  in  1731  destroyed  some  of  the  Cottonian  manu- 
scripts, and  injured  others,  among  the  latter  being  this 
one.  The  injury  consisted  in  the  scorching  of  its  edges 
and  the  shriveling  of  certain  leaves.  In  some  places  the 
edges  have  been  chipped  away,  and  words,  or  portions 
of  words,  lost.  It  does  not  appear,  however,  as  Dr. 
Tinker  remarks  (The  Translations  of  Beowulf,  p.  8), 
that  these  losses  are  of  so  great  importance  as  the  remarks 
of  some  prominent  Old  English  scholars  might  lead  one 
to  suspect  5 '  and  it  is  certain  that  some  awkward  read- 
ings of  the  "Judith  are  due  to  the  blunderings  of  one  or 
more  scribes,  though  if  Foster's  conjecture  is  right,  and 
the  poem  was  composed  about  915,  there  can  hardly  have 

1  But  the  injury  to  the  manuscript  is  of  less  importance  in  this  case, 
since  the  poem  had  been  printed  by  Thwaites  in  1698,  before  the  injury 
occurred  (see  Bibliography). 


viii  31ntrotiuction 

been  many  transcriptions,  on  the  theory  that  the  manu- 
script is  of  the  tenth  century.  The  mixture  of  dialectic 
forms,  however,  seems  to  indicate  that  a  Northern  origi- 
nal passed  through  one  or  more  hands,  and  that  the  last 
scribe,  at  all  events,  belonged  to  the  Late  West  Saxon 
period.  Forms  like  hehsta  (4,  94)  and  nensia  (73),  lor 
example,  point  to  the  North,  while  such  as  hyhsta  (309) 
are  clearly  West  Saxon;  so  seceir  (96),  hafaS  (197), 
medoiverige  (229)  seem  distinctively  Northern  (Foster, 
Judith,  pp.  S°-5i): 

The  Judith  begins  in  the  manuscript  immediately 
after  the  Beowulf,  and^covers  fol.  I99a-2o6b.  A  photo- 
graphic facsimile  of  the  Beowulf  pages  was  published  by 
the  Early  English  Text  Society  in  1882,  with  a  trans- 
literation and  notes  provided  by  Professor  Zupitza  ;  and 
a  page  (2oob)  of  the  Judith  is  similarly  reproduced  in 
my  earlier  edition,  containing  lines  55*  to  69b.  An 
autotype  facsimile  of  all  the  pages  of  the  Judith  is  in  my 
possession,  and  I  shall  be  happy  to  facilitate  its  consulta- 
tion by  scholars. 

DATE 

Very  few  of  the  Old  English  poems  are  dated.  Those 
of  which  we  are  most  certain  are  the  ones  on  the  battles 
of  Maldon  and  Brunanburh,  and  these  must  have  been 
written  soon  after  the  respective  dates  of  those  battles, 
A.  D.  937  and  991  ;  and  the  Cynewulfian  poems,  Juli- 
ana, Elene,  and  Christ,  which  must  have  been  written  not 
far  from  the  year  800.  The  latter  poems  have  the  name 
of  the  poet  spelled  in  runes,  the  two  former  as  Cyne- 
wulf,  the  latter  as  Cynwulf.  Now  the  form  Cyne-  begins 
to  appear  about  750,  and  Cyn-  about  800  ; 1  hence  the 
Christ  may  be  conjecturally  dated  about  800,  or  even 

1  See  Sievers'  proofs  in  Anglia  13.  ll-ij. 


^Introduction  ix 

Jater  ;  the  Elene  only  enough  earlier  to  permit  of  the 
poet's  alluding  to  himself  as  an  old  man  ;  and  the  Juliana 
within  the  limits  of  Cynewulf 's  activity  as  a  religions 
poet.  All  that  can  be  said  with  relative  certainty  is  that 
the  Christ  no  doubt  belongs  to  the  early  ninth  century, 
that  the  Elene  can  hardly  be  more  than  ten  or  a  dozen 
years  earlier,  at  most ;  and  that  the  Juliana  can  be  only 
a  few  years  earlier  than  the  Elene,  if  indeed  it  be  not  later 
(for  on  this  point  we  have  no  evidence).  Of  the  remain- 
ing poems,  the  verse  translation  of  the  Metres  of  Boethius 
must,  at  earliest,  fall  at  the  very  end  of  the  ninth  century, 
since  it  was  executed  either  by  Alfred  or  by  some  later 
writer.  The  interpolated  portion  of  Genesis,  known  as 
Genesis  B,  can  hardly  be  earlier  than  the  middle  of  the 
linth  century,  since  it  is  based  upon  an  Old  Saxon  poem 
#hich  is  ascribed  to  about  830  or  840.  dtdmon" s  Hymn 
would  date  from  about  670,  and  Bedf  s  Death-Song  from 
755.  It  is  generally  agreed  that  in  its  present  form  the 
Beowulf  can  not  be  later  than  about  750.  These  are 
almost  the  only  poems  which  can  be  dated  somewhat 
independently  of  others.  The  Andreas,  Guthlac  B,  and 
the  Phoenix  have  been  assigned  by  some  critics  to  Cyne- 
wulf, the  evidence  being  perhaps  clearest  in  the  case  of 
the  Andreas.  The  rest  of  the  poems  must  be  dated  on 
the  basis  of  internal  evidence,  by  a  comparison  of  diction 
and  metre  with  those  of  the  foregoing,  or  perhaps  rarely 
with  Continental  poems  of  date  approximately  ascertained. 
The  Judith  exhibits  some  striking  correspondences  in 
phraseology  with  the  Juliana,  the  Elene,  and  the  Andreas  ; 
with  Genesis  A,  the  Battle  of  Maldon  (Byrhtnoth),  and 
the  Beowulf;  and,  at  a  greater  remove,  with  Gifts  of 
Men,  the  Dream  of  the  Rood,  the  Psalms,  etc.  For 
example,  the  phrase  ic  Se  .  .  .  biddan  ivylle  (83-84)  is 
found  also  in  Beowulf  and  Andreas ;  cene  under  cumblum 


x  ifitttroauctton 

(333)  m  Andreas;  fiana  scuras,  lythnuon  beciuom,  pys- 
trum  for&ylmed,  in  Elene ;  besides  remoter  parallels  like 
hlynede  and  dynede  (Jud.  23):  Sonne  rand  dynede,  camp- 
ivudu  dynede  (El.  50-51);  Jud.  61-63  :  El.  150-152  ; 
Jud.  220-227:  El.  117-121 ;  on  fleam  sceacan,  ongan  his 
.  .  .  teran,  in  Juliana,  together  with  miltse  tsinre  me 
8earfendre+(Jud  85):  Jnet  pu  miltsige  me  pearfendum 
(JuL  449);  bldchleor  ides,  leoda  r£s<wan,  swegles  aldor, 
&<ere  fide  .  .  .  is  neah  geprungen,  in  Genesis  A;  bord 
and  brad  snjoyrd,  earn  Ztes  (Zses)  georn,  guSe  gegremede, 
in  Eyrhtnoth ;  biinan  and  areas,  ellor  h<wearf,  him  <wiht 
'  ne  sfemv,  in  Beowulf;  helmas  (helm)  and  (pSSe}  hupseax, 
hare  byrnan  (pSSe  heaSubyrnari),  in  Gifts  of  Men  ;  sarra 
Jorga,  sorgum  gedrefed,  in  the  Dream  of  the  Rood. 
These  are  but  specimens  of  a  larger  number;  others  may 
be  found  in  the  Verbal  Correspondences  of  my  earlier 
edition,  or  in  my  article,  '  Notes  on  the  Judith,''  in  the 
Jour.  Eng.  and  Germ.  Phil.  5.153—158.  An  instance  of 
a  more  general  resemblance  is  the  appearance  of  the  birds 
of  prey  (Jud.  205-212:  El.  27-30,  110-112;  Brun. 
60-65  5  Exod.  161-164;  Gen.  1983-1985,1116  passages 
being  too  long  to  quote),  and  other  features  of  battle 
in  the  context  of  the  same  passages. 

Briefly  stated,  the  argument  from  phraseology  results 
fn  the  conclusion  that,  owing  to  the  comparatively  large 
number  of  Cynewulfian  reminiscences  in  the  Judith,  it 
can  not  well  be  earlier  than,  say,  825;'  and  that  owing 
to  the  correspondences  between  the  Judith  and  the  Bru- 
nanburh,  one  of  them  must  have  been  a  kind  of  model  for 
the  other.  That  the  Judith  is  the  earlier  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  the  Brunanburh  has  a  tendency  to  borrow 
largely  from  earlier  poems,  no  fewer  than  35  hemistichs 

1  For  details  see   my  earlier  edition,  p.   xx,  and  especially  Foster, 
Judith,  p.  86. 


^introduction  xi 

out  of  a  total  of  146  being  thus  appropriated  bodily, 
besides  1 3  hemistichs  which  are  close  resemblances; 1  and 
that  the  correspondences  with  the  Judith  are  among  the 
most  striking.  Since,  as  between  the  two  poems,  it  is  the 
Brunanburh  which  more  freely  utilizes  the  phraseology 
of  earlier  poems,  we  may  assume  that  the  Judith  is 
among  the  earlier  poems  thus  utilized.  Now,  since  the 
Brunanburh  dates  from  937,  it  results  that  the  Judith 
must  fall  between,  say,  810-825  and  937,  the  pos- 
sibility not  being  excluded  that  it  is  by  Cynewulf's  own 
hand. 

More  exact  dating  than  this  is  difficult.  In  my  earlier 
edition  I  suggested  the  hypothesis  that  the  theme  of  the 
poem  was  prompted  by  the  arrival  in  England  of  that 
Judith  whom  ^thelwulf,  the  father  of  King  Alfred,  had 
married  on  the  Continent,  an  event  which  occurred  in 
the  year  856.  On  this  hypothesis,  the  Assyrians  of  the 
poem  might  have  symbolized  the  invading  Danes.  Fos- 
ter, though  agreeing  with  me  in  respect  to  the  limits  of 
date,  was  inclined  to  place  the  poem  later  than  856,  and 
indeed  to  connect  it  with  Queen  ^thelflasd  of  Mercia, 
the  daughter  of  King  Alfred.  Foster  says  (pp.  90—91): 
'^Ethelflaed,  then,  is  Mercia' s  Judith,  for  she  by  no 
ordinary  strategy,  we  are  told,  raised  her  kingdom  and 
people  to  their  old  position.  She,  like  the  Hebrew 
Judith,  abandoned  the  older  strategy  of  raid  and  battle, 
not  indeed  to  murder  the  Danish  chief,  but  to  build  for- 
tresses and  beleaguer  her  enemies,  ./^Ethelflaed  is,  then,  a 
suitable  and  worthy  heroine  to  have  stirred  a  contempo- 
rary poet  to  his  theme.  In  this  estimation  [estimate  ?] 
of  her  we  are  confirmed  by  William  of  Malmesbury.  .  .  . 
This  suggestion  would  place  our  poem  between  the 
years  915  and  918  or  soon  after,  during  which  period 

*  Poster,  Judith,  pp.  87,  lo». 


xii  3flntroDuction 

she  obtained  her  greatest  victories,  dying  in  the  last-men- 
tioned year.  Our  other  results  agree  admirably  with 
this  date.  It  leaves  sufficient  time  for  the  West  Saxon 
author  of  Brunanburh  to  have  become  acquainted  with 
the  Judith,  time  too  for  it  to  be  transcribed  into  West 
Saxon  form,  and  transcribed  again  at  the  end  of  the  cen- 
tury in  the  MS.  which  we  now  possess.'  J  Though  the 
dates  thus  suggested,  ca.  856  and  ca.  915,  are  nearly  two 
generations  apart,  yet  it  is  gratifying  that  the  Judith  can 
be  with  some  confidence  assigned  to  a  period  so  restricted, 
on  the  strength  of  nothing  but  internal  testimony. 

If  we  divide  Old  English  poetry,  for  convenience, 
into  four  successive  groups,  assigning  the  first  to  the 
period  before  750,  the  second  to  that  between  750  and 
850,  the  third  to  that  between  850  and  925,  and  the 
fourth  to  everything  after  925,  we  shall  find  that  Caed- 
mon,  Bedels  Death-Song,  and  the  core  of  the  Beowulf  fall 
within  the  first  of  these  periods  ;  Cynewulf  and  much 
of  the  so-called  Cynewulfian  poetry  within  the  second ; 
Genesis  B  and  the  Metres  of  Boethius  within  the  third  ; 
and  Brunanburh  and  Byrhtnoth  (The  Battle  of  Maldori) 
within  the  fourth  —  not  to  mention  others.  The  Judith, 
then,  by  general  agreement,  belongs  to  the  third  of  these 
periods,  850-925,  intermediate  between  the  poetry  of 
Cynewulf  and  the  patriotic  songs  of  the  Chronicle. 

SOURCES 

The  sources  of  our  poem  are  contained  in  the  Apoc- 
ryphal book  of  Judith.  The  order  of  events  is  not  that 
of  the  original  narrative.  Many  transpositions  have  been 
made  in  the  interest  of  condensation  and  for  the  purpose 

1  With  this  date  agree  the  conclusions  of  Trautmann,  Kjncwulf,  pp. 

I20-I2Z. 


3[ntroDtution  xiii 

of  enhancing  the  dramatic  liveliness  of  the  story.  Be- 
sides, the  poet  has  not  scrupled  to  add  embellishments 
of  his  own  invention,  as  will  be  more  fully  pointed  out 
under  the  next  head.  The  passages  which  seem  to  have 
been  directly  interwoven  into  the  substance  of  the  narra- 
tive are  here  subjoined  in  the  Douay  version,  following 
the  Vulgate,1  upon  which  the  poet  depended  : 

9.  14.  Give  me  constancy  in  my  mind,  that  I  may 
despise  him  ;  and  fortitude,  that  I  may  overthrow  him. 

9.  17.   O  God  of  the  heavens,  Creator  of  the  waters, 
and  Lord  of  the  whole  creation,  hear  me,  a  poor  wretch, 
making  supplication  to  thee  and  presuming  of  thy  mercy. 

10.  1 6.   And  be  assured  of  this,  that  when  thou  shalt 
stand  before  him,  he  will  treat  thee  well,  and  thou  wilt 
be  most  acceptable  to  his  heart.      And  they  brought  her 
to  the  tent  of  Holofernes,  telling  him  of  her. 

10.  19,  20.  And  Judith,  seeing  Holofernes  sitting 
under  a  canopy  which  was  woven  of  purple  and  gold, 
with  emeralds  and  precious  stones,  after  she  had  looked 
on  his  face,  bowed  down  to  him,  prostrating  herself  to 
the  ground.  And  the  servants  of  Holofernes  lifted  her 
up,  by  the  command  of  their  master. 

12.  10.  And  it  came  to  pass  on  the  fourth  day  that 
Holofernes  made  a  supper  for  his  servants,  and  said  to 
Vagao  his  eunuch:  Go,  and  persuade  that  Hebrew  wo- 
man to  consent  of  her  own  accord  to  dwell  with  me. 

12.  1 6.  And  the  heart  of  Holofernes  was  smitten, 
for  he  was  burning  with  the  desire  of  her. 

12.  20.  And  Holofernes  was  made  merry  on  her  oc- 
casion, and  drank  exceeding  much  wine,  so  much  as  he 
had  never  drunk  in  his  life. 

3    1-19.   And  when  it  was  grown  late,  his  servants 
made  haste  to  their  lodgings,  and  Vagao  shut  the  cham- 
1  cf.  pp.  49  ff. 


xiv  2flntroauction 

ber-doors,  and  went  his  way;  and  they  were  all  over- 
charged with  wine.  And  Judith  was  alone  in  the 
chamber;  but  Holofernes  lay  on  his  bed  fast  asleep, 
being  exceedingly  drunk.  .  .  .  And  Judith  stood  before 
the  bed,  praying  with  tears  and  the  motion  of  her  lips  in 
silence,  saying:  Strengthen  me,  O  Lord  God  of  Israel, 
and  in  this  hour  look  on  the  works  of  my  hands  .  .  .  , 
that  I  may  bring  to  pass  that  which  I  have  purposed. 
.  .  .  She  loosed  his  sword  that  hung  tied  upon  it  [the 
pillar] .  And  when  she  had  drawn  it  out,  she  took  him 
by  the  hair  of  his  head,  and  said:  Strengthen  me,  O 
Lord  God,  at  this  hour.  And  she  struck  twice  upon 
his  neck,  and  cut  off"  his  head,  and  took  off  his  canopy 
from  the  pillars,  and  rolled  away  his  headless  body. 
And  after  a  while  she  went  out,  and  delivered  the  head 
of  Holofernes  to  her  maid,  and  bade  her  put  it  into  her 
wallet.  And  they  two  went  out,  .  .  .  and  they  passed 
the  camp,  and,  having  compassed  the  valley,  they  came 
to  the  gate  of  the  city.  And  Judith  from  afar  off  cried 
to  the  watchmen  upon  the  walls:  Open  the  gates,  for 
God  is  with  us,  who  hath  shown  his  power  in  Israel. 
And  it  came  to  pass,  when  the  men  had  heard  her  voice, 
that  they  called  the  ancients  of  the  city.  And  all  ran  to 
meet  her,  from  the  least  to  the  greatest.  .  .  .  Judith 
said:  Praise  ye  the  Lord  our  God,  who  hath  not  for- 
saken them  that  hope  in  him;  .  .  .  and  he  hath  killed 
the  enemy  of  his  people  by  my  hand  this  night.  Then 
she  brought  forth  the  head  of  Holofernes  out  of  the  wal- 
let, and  showed  it  them,  saying:  Behold  the  head  of 
Holofernes,  the  general  of  the  army  of  the  Assyrians, 
.  .  .  where  the  Lord  our  God  slew  him  by  the  hand  of 
a  woman. 

14.  i,  2.   And  Judith  said  to  all  the  people:     Hear 
me,  my  brethren.   ...   As  soon  as  the  sun  shall  rise, 


3IntroOuctton  xv 

let  every  man  take  his  arms,  and  rush  ye  out,  not  as  going 
down  beneath,  but  as  making  an  assault. 

14.  4,  5.  And  when  the  captains  of  them  shall  run 
to  the  tent  of  Holofernes,  and  shall  find  him  without  his 
head,  wallowing  in  his  blood,  fear  shall  fall  upon  them. 
A  ad  when  you  shall  know  that  they  are  fleeing,  go  aftei 
them  securely,  for  the  Lord  will  destroy  them  under 
your  feet. 

14.  7-15.  8.  And  immediately  at  break  of  day,  .  .  . 
every  man  took  his  arms,  and  they  went  out  with  a 
great  noise  and  shouting.  And  the  watchmen,  seeing 
this,  ran  to  the  tent  of  Holofernes.  And  they  that  were 
in  the  tent  came  and  made  a  noise  before  the  door  of  the 
chamber  to  awake  him,  endeavoring  by  art  to  break  his 
rest,  that  Holofernes  might  awake,  not  by  their  calling 
him,  but  by  their  noise.  For  no  man  durst  knock,  or 
open  and  go  into  the  chamber  of  the  general  of  the  As- 
syrians. But  when  his  captains  and  tribunes  were  come, 
and  all  the  chiefs  of  the  army  of  the  king  of  the  Assyr- 
ians, they  said  to  the  chamberlains:  Go  in  and  awake 
him,  for  the  mice  coming  out  of  their  holes  have  pre- 
sumed to  challenge  us  to  fight.  Then  Vagao,  going 
into  his  chamber,  stood  before  the  curtain  and  made  a 
clapping  with  his  hands,  for  he  thought  that  he  was 
sleeping  with  Judith.  But  when  with  hearkening  he 
perceived  no  motion  of  one  lying,  he  came  near  to  the 
curtain,  and,  lifting  it  up,  and  seeing  the  body  of  Holo- 
fernes lying  upon  the  ground  without  the  head,  welter- 
ing in  his  blood,  he  cried  out  with  a  loud  voice  with 
weeping,  and  rent  his  garments.  And  he  went  into  the 
tent  of  Judith;  and,  not  finding  her,  he  ran  out  to  the 
people,  and  said:  One  Hebrew  woman  hath  made  confu- 
sion in  the  house  of  king  Nabuchodonosor,  for  behold 
Holofernes  lieth  upon  the  ground,  and  his  head  is  not 


xvi  JflntroDuction 

upon  him.  Now  when  the  chiefs  of  the  army  of  tht 
Assyrians  had  heard  this,  they  all  rent  their  garments, 
and  an  intolerable  fear  and  dread  fell  upon  them,  and 
their  minds  were  troubled  exceedingly.  And  there  was 
a  very  great  cry  in  the  midst  of  their  camp.  And  when 
all  the  army  heard  that  Holofernes  was  beheaded,  cour- 
age and  counsel  fled  from  them,  and,  being  seized  with 
trembling  and  fear,  they  thought  only  to  save  themselves 
by  flight;  so  that  no  one  spoke  to  his  neighbor,  but, 
hanging  down  the  head,  leaving  all  things  behind,  they 
made  haste  to  escape  from  the  Hebrews,  who,  as  they 
heard  were  coming  armed  upon  them,  and  fled  by  the 
ways  of  the  fields  and  the  paths  of  the  hills.  So  the 
children  of  Israel,  seeing  them  fleeing,  followed  after 
them.  And  they  went  down  sounding  with  trumpets, 
and  shouting  after  them.  And  because  the  Assyrians 
were  not  united  together,  they  went  without  order  in 
their  flight;  but  the  children  of  Israel,  pursuing  in  one 
body,  defeated  all  that  they  could  find.  And  Ozias 
sent  messengers  through  all  the  cities  and  countries  of 
Israel.  And  every  country  and  every  city  sent  their 
chosen  young  men  armed  after  them,  and  they  pursued 
them  with  the  edge  of  the  sword  until  they  came  to  the 
extremities  of  their  confines.  And  the  rest,  that  were  in 
Bethulia,  went  into  the  camp  of  the  Assyrians,  and  took 
away  the  spoils  which  the  Assyrians  in  their  flight  had 
left  behind  them;  and  they  were  loaden  exceedingly. 
But  they  that  returned  conquerors  to  Bethulia  brought 
with  them  all  things  that  were  theirs,  so  that  there  was 
no  numbering  their  cattle,  and  beasts,  and  all  their  mov- 
ables, insomuch  that  from  the  least  to  the  greatest  all 
were  made  rich  by  their  spoils. 

15.  13,  14.   And  thirty  days  were  scarce  sufficient  for 
the  people  of  Israel  to  gather  up  the  spoils  of  the  Assyr- 


jHntroDuction 

fans.  But  all  those  things  that  were  proved  to  be  the 
peculiar  goods  of  Holofernes  they  gave  to  Judith,  in 
gold,  and  silver,  and  garments,  and  precious  stones,  and 
all  household  stuff;  and  they  were  all  delivered  to  her  by 
the  people. 

1 6.  i.  Then  Judith  sung  this  canticle  to  the  Lord, 
saying:  .  .  . 

ART 

The  modes  in  which  the  poet's  art  is  displayed  may 
be  considered  under  the  four  heads  of  Selection,  Arrange- 
ment, Amplification,  and  Invention.  To  these  might 
be  added  his  mastery  of  language,  and  his  skill  in  the 
handling  of  metre. 

Selection.  —  The  characters  are  limited  to  three  — 
Judith,  Holofernes,  and  Judith's  attendant.  Hardly 
worthy  to  be  ranked  with  these  is  the  warrior  who  enters 
Holofernes'  tent  and  announces  his  violent  death.  He 
5s  merely  one  of  the  group  of  officers,  though  a  little 
bolder  than  the  rest,  and  drops  out  of  the  action  immedi- 
ately. There  is  no  mention  of  Achior,  none  of  Ozias, 
none  of  Bagoas  (Vagao),  none  of  Nebuchadnezzar.  The 
latter  seems  to  be  merged  in  Holofernes,  who  is  accord- 
ingly both  general  and  king.  Judith's  handmaid  serves 
to  enhance  the  importance  of  the  protagonist,  as  in  the 
original  narrative,  though  perhaps  in  a  greater  degree. 
Thus  not  only  does  she  carry  the  bag,  but  it  is  she  whom 
Judith  commands  (11.  17 1—173)  t°  exhibit  the  head  of  the 
slain  captain,  instead  of  drawing  it  forth  herself  (13.  19). 
Judith  is  continually  before  us  :  she  inspires,  directs,  or 
executes  everything.  The  result  is  a  foregone  conclu- 
sion, and  everything  tends  irresistibly  towards  it.  At 
the  very  beginning  of  the  poem  we  are  assured  that  she 
was  defended  from  the  peril  that  menaced  her,  though 


3flntro&uctton 

the  fulness  of  the  triumph  is  not  foretold.  The  note  of 
the  beginning  —  '  a  to  "5am  ^Elmihtgan  '  —  recurs  also 
at  the  end. 

Yet  we  are  not  permitted  to  overlook  the  formidable 
nature  of  Judith's  antagonist,  his  wickedness  and  his 
power.  His  servants,  even  the  principal  warriors  and 
councillors,  remain  at  a  distance  until  he  summons  them 
(11.  51-54),  and  fear  to  awaken  him,  even  amid  circum- 
stances of  the  greatest  danger  (11.  257—258).  The  epithets 
applied  to  him,  beginning  with  those  descriptive  of  his 
station,  soon  alternate  with  such  as  characterize  his  evil 
disposition  and  purposes  ;  the  latter  grow  relatively  more 
and  more  numerous,  until  they  culminate  in  the  '  heathen 
hound  '  of  1.  1 1  o,  a  variant  of  this  being  repeated  in 
1.  179,  where  Judith  is  telling  the  story  of  his  discom- 
fiture. But  his  character  is  not  left  to  be  inferred  from 
epithets  alone  $  in  11.  181-183  ms  hostility  and  malice  are 
plainly  set  forth.  When  the  action  opens,  it  is  Holo- 
fernes  who  occupies  the  scene,  and  he  remains  in  posses- 
sion of  it,  glorying  in  his  authority  and  rejoicing  over 
the  banquet,  long  enough  to  challenge  the  attention  of 
the  reader,  and  make  him  apprehensive  lest  Judith  may 
succumb  in  the  unequal  contest.  The  peripetia  is  then 
introduced  with  considerable  art,  being  heightened  by 
the  prayer  of  Judith  while  holding  the  weapon,  by  her 
manipulation  of  the  stupefied  chieftain  before  raising  her 
hand  to  strike,  and  by  the  appreciable  interval  between 
the  two  blows. 

There  is  thus  a  regular  gradation  of  personages,  the 
handmaid  being  but  a  shadow  of  Judith,  and  her  foil, 
Holofernes  a  redoubtable  foe,  and  Judith  the  triumphant 
heroine.  To  invest  the  latter  with  all  the  womanly  at- 
tributes most  reverenced  by  his  countrymen,  the  poet 
endows  her  with  virginal  purity,  and  converts  her  from 


2flntroDuction  xix 

r?  Jewess  of  profound  religious  conviction  to  an  orthodox 
Christian  and  believer  in  the  Trinity  (11.  83-84). 

So  far  as  we  can  judge,  all  is  frankness  and  fair  deal- 
ing on  Judith's  part.  We  hear  nothing  of  her  request- 
ing permission  to  go  beyond  the  lines  for  prayer,  and 
there  is  no  hint  of  her  practising  deception  or  otherwise 
compromising  herself,  in  the  whole  course  of  the  poem. 
She  is  a  heroine  sans  peur  et  sans  reproche,  unless  we 
account  her  deed  in  itself  as  the  exploit  of  a  vulgar  assas- 
sin. Admitting  the  purity  of  her  intentions,  and  the 
essentially  righteous  character  of  the  blow  she  inflicted, 
she  remains  the  unsullied  champion  and  deliverer  of  her 
people,  as  stainless  and  single-minded  as  the  Maid  of 
Orleans. 

The  chief  actors  are  thrown  into  relief  upon  a  back- 
ground formed  by  the  two  armies  respectively.  More- 
over,  the  remarks  of  each  are  addressed  to  a  kind  of 
dumb  chorus,  in  which  all  distinct  individualities  are 
suppressed.  Such  are  the  retainers  whom  Holofernes 
feasts,  and  the  citizens  who  surround  Judith  on  her  return 
to  Bethulia. 

It  will  be  apparent  from  what  has  been  said  that  the 
characters  have  been  selected  and  shaded  with  reference 
to  maintaining  the  dramatic  unity  of  impression  through 
a  whole  series  of  events,  and  that  it  is  in  the  person  of 
the  heroine  that  this  dramatic  unity  centres,  as  it  is  about 
her  that  all  the  incidents  revolve. 

In  the  selection  of  these  incidents,  again,  equal  sound- 
ness of  judgment  is  displayed.  The  order  of  events  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  Biblical  narrative  is,  on  the  whole, 
preserved,  those  of  lesser  dramatic  importance  being 
eliminated.  The  poet's  object  is  manifestly  to  depict 
only  the  cardinal  situations  and  occurrences,  and  to  im- 
press these  upon  the  mind  by  the  free  play  of  his  inven- 


xx  3IntroDuetton 

tion  in  elaborating  scenes  and  incidents,  introducing 
transitional  passages  to  render  the  sequence  obvious,  and 
otherwise  preparing  or  heightening  the  effect. 

Arrangement The  topics  of  the  poem  are  these: 

a)  Divine  assistance  granted  to  Judith  (i-7a). 

b)  Feast  (7b-34«). 

c)  Judith  brought  to  Holofernes'  tent  (34b— 57"). 

d)  Evil  purposes  and  slaying  of  Holofernes  (5  7b— 1 21). 

e)  Return  to  Bethulia  (122— 170). 

f)  Account  of  Holofernes'   death  and  advice  to  the 
warriors  (171—198). 

g)  Departure  of  the  Hebrew  army  (199-216*). 

Ji)  Surprise  of  the  Assyrians  and  discovery  of  Holo' 
femes'  dead  body  (2i6b-29oa). 

/)    Flight  and  defeat  of  the  Assyrians  (z9ob-3iz*). 
j)    Return  of  the  Israelites  and  taking  of  spoil  (3 1  zb- 

335"). 

K)    Recompense  of  Judith  (335a~342a). 

/)    Judith's  thanksgiving  (34zb— 347"). 

m)    Poet's  ascription  of  praise  (347b— 350). 

In  the  main,  as  has  been  said,  the  order  is  that  of  the 
Apocryphal  book,  but  two  remarkable  transpositions 
must  be  observed. 

In  the  poem,  Judith  is  brought  in  after  the  conclusion 
of  the  banquet;  in  the  original,  while  the  feast  is  still  in 
progress.  The  poet  is  thus  left  free  to  emphasize  the 
license  and  clamor  of  the  feasters,  since  Judith  is  not 
present,  and  therefore  has  no  part  in  their  eating  and 
drinking  (cf.  12.  18,  19).  By  this  means,  too,  a  direct 
motive  is  provided  for  Judith's  conduct  in  the  slaying, 
Holofernes'  evil  desires  and  intentions  (12.  16)  being 
referred  to  the  moment  of  his  entry  into  the  pavilion 
11.  57b— S9a),  which  immediately  precedes  his  drunken 
Uupor  and  his  death. 


31ntroDuction  xxi 

The  other  transposition  has  the  air  of  an  invention,  but 
it  may  be,  as  indicated  in  the  Sources,  only  a  skilful  em- 
ployment of  the  hint  furnished  by  the  original  in  the 
twofold  division  of  the  attacking  forces  (15.  4,  7).  I 
refer  to  the  actual  engagement  with  the  Assyrian  army, 
or  its  vanguard,  described  so  powerfully  in  11.  2i6b-235. 
This  would  be  the  natural  sequel,  to  the  Teutonic  mind, 
of  the  array  and  hostile  sally  of  the  Hebrew  troops  (199— 
2 1 6s),  though  we  are  expressly  told  (14.  2,  7)  that  no 
actual  conflict  then  took  place,  but  merely  a  hostile 
demonstration.  The  rage  and  terror  of  the  Assyrian 
leaders  are  accentuated  by  means  of  this  change ;  a 
moment  of  suspense,  charged  with  ever  increasing  agony 
of  apprehension,  is  introduced  ;  and  the  despair  which 
precedes  the  rout  and  final  overthrow  is  rendered  com- 
plete and  overwhelming.  Nearer  and  nearer  approaches 
the  noise  of  battle  (261  ff.),  until  the  leaders  can  no  longer 
endure  the  responsibility  and  the  dread,  and  one  of  their 
number,  breaking  through  the  ceremonial  restrictions 
which  surround  with  inviolability  the  person  of  an  Ori- 
ental despot,  is  brought  face  to  face  with  the  reality 
which  eclipses  all  previous  disaster.  Besides,  the  poet's 
audience  would  demand  a  conflict,  and  not  merely  a  pur- 
suit. To  gratify  such  a  demand,  the  battle  proper  must 
be  introduced  before  the  climax  of  consternation  is 
reached,  and  the  actual  panic  has  begun.  On  these 
grounds  the  new  arrangement  is  amply  justified.  Flight 
and  combat  are  aptly  interwoven  in  the  description  of  the 
Assyrians'  panic  (29ob-3i2ft) :  they  flee  (29ob-292a), 
they  are  cut  down  (292b— 297"),  still  flee  (297b-298R), 
and  are  still  cut  down  (298b-3i2a);  finally,  after  a  list 
of  the  spoils  is  given,  the  fulness  of  the  patriots'  triumph 
is  again  rehearsed  (3i9b-324a). 

Amplification.  —  It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  effect  a 


xxii  3Itttroimction 

clear  severance  of  invention  from  amplification,  nor  indeed 
is  such  analytic  painfulness  necessary  beyond  certain 
obvious  limits. 

The  poet  dwells  with  especial  fondness  on  feasting  and 
war.  This  is  a  national  trait,  and  should  be  considered 
without  prejudice  to  the  controlling  art  visible  in  every 
part  of  his  production.  Amplification  rises  to  the  dig- 
nity of  invention  in  the  lines  which  describe  the  wolf,  the 
raven,  and  the  eagle,  haunters  of  the  battle-field  (2O5b— 
2I211).1  But  the  continuation  (2i2b— 23Sb)  also  abounds 
in  powerful  strokes,  which  reveal  a  master  of  this  species 
of  poetry.  The  spoils  are  enumerated  with  a  profusion 
of  descriptive  epithets  (3i4b— 319%  335b-342a).  The 
impression  of  a  vast  concourse  of  joyful  and  expectant 
people  is  admirably  communicated  (159*— i7ob).  Some- 
thing like  a  lyric  element  is  introduced  into  Judith's 
prayer  (8ob~93a),  and  into  her  speech  before  the  people 
(177*— i98b),  with  its  dramatic  accompaniments  (171*— 
i75b).  The  feast  is  a  drunken  orgy  (7b—  34"),  with  the 
shadow  of  death  hanging  over  it  (i9b— 2ia).  Of  minor 
interest,  but  still  worthy  of  mention,  are  the  escorting 
of  Judith  to  the  tent  (37b-46a),  the  description  of  the 
canopy  and  its  use  (46b—  54"),  and  the  account  of  the 
journey  from  the  Assyrian  camp  to  Bethulia  (125*- 
i4tft). 

Invention.  —  Here,as  elsewhere  in  Old  English  poetry, 
the  bard  occasionally  marks  his  satisfaction  or  prevision 
by  passages  of  reflective  comment.  Thus  he  anticipates 
the  doom  of  Holofernes  and  affirms  its  justice  (S9b— 67"), 
dwells  upon  the  Divine  assistance  vouchsafed  to  Judith, 
as  to  every  believing  mortal  (93b-98a),  and  ends  the 
poem  with  a  doxology  of  his  own  (347-350*).  Akin 
to  these  are  resumptive  paragraphs,  like  I22a-i24b  or 

1  Bat  cf.  p.  x,  tufra. 


3fjntroDuction 

236a-24ia,  which  are  introduced  at  the  beginning  of  a 
fit  or  canto,  to  effect  a  transition.  Sometimes  such 
a  comment  is  merely  retrospective,  and  not  transitional 
(332*—  335a)>  and  is  intended  to  bind  the  work  more 
firmly  together,  as  well  as  to  exalt  the  heroine.  A  pre- 
diction may  be  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  subordinate  per- 
sonage, as  in  285a-289a.  From  a  result  a  previous  ac- 
tion may  be  inferred,  and  expanded  into  a  brief  episode  } 
thus  Holofernes  is  depicted  in  the  act  of  falling  (6jb— 69"), 
and  the  watchmen  in  that  of  holding  guard  (i4ib— 146*). 
Similarly,  it  is  a  consequence  of  the  transfer  of  Judith 
from  the  banquet-hall  to  the  bed-chamber,  that  the  war- 
riors who  had  accompanied  Holofernes  (62b)  immediately 
depart  (69*"— 73")  ;  this  retinue  may  be  compared  with 
that  of  Hrothgar  (Beowulf  662-665%  920-924).  The 
preparations  for  the  slaying  of  Holofernes  are  multiplied, 
partly  to  increase  the  suspense,  and  partly  for  the  purpose 
of  rendering  the  narrative  more  graphic  and  lively.  Thus 
Judith  devises  her  plan  while  Holofernes  sleeps  (73b- 
77tt),  unsheathes  his  sword  with  her  right  hand  (79b-8oa), 
and  places  him  in  such  wise  as  is  most  convenient  for  her 
(99b— 103*).  Not  only  does  the  officer  who  discovers 
Holofernes  dead  rend  his  garments  and  cry,  but  he  falls 
to  the  earth  and  tears  his  hair  (28ob— 282*).  Finally,  the 
poet  consigns  Holofernes  to  the  abode  of  darkness,  the 
hall  of  torturing  serpents,  with  evident  satisfaction  at  the 
retribution  which  is  there  meted  out  to  him  (i  i2b— i2ib). 
Style.  —  As  to  the  style,  the  qualities  of  clearness, 
boldness,  and  vigor  are  strongly  marked.  The  narrative  is 
rapid,  yet  there  is  a  surprising  amount  of  picturesque  de- 
tail and  wealth  of  characteristic  epithet,  considering  the 
brevity  of  the  poem.  In  certain  other  poems,  parallelism 
has  become  almost  a  vice,  but  here  it  is  kept  within  due 
limits,  and  is  not  allowed  to  retard  the  movement. 


3]ntroUuctton 

Metre.  —  The  chief  beauty  of  the  metre  lies  in  the 
artistic  alternation  of  longer  with  shorter  lines.  It  is  cer- 
tainly going  too  far  to  say,  with  Foster  (see  note  on  2—1 2): 
'  In  these  expanded  lines,  then,  lies  the  whole  story, 
dramatically  told,  and  doubtless  intended  to  be  delivered 
in  recitative.  The  rest  is  epic  in  its  description  of  de- 
tails, and  has  much  the  same  functions  as  the  chorus  in 
a  Greek  tragedy' ;  yet  that  the  expanded  lines  are  intro- 
duced with  art  and  measure  is  beyond  question.  But  the 
sequences  of  long  lines  are  not  the  only  forms  of  group- 
ing which  occur.  Thus  lines  with  only  two  alliterative 
syllables  occur  in  a  series  of  nine  (170—178)  ;  of  six  (48— 
53,  231-236)  ;  of  five,  four,  and  three  in  several  places. 
Similarly,  two  successive  lines  alliterate  with  the  same 
letter  (B  17-18,  57~58,  I37-I38,  i74-*75  5  F  J94- 
195,  220— 221,  301—302  $  and  a  number  of  others). 
For  twenty-one  lines  in  succession  the  second  hemistichs 
are  all  constructed  on  the  same  model  (1—21  5  compare 
the  first  hemistichs  of  182-185  and  J9°— 193)-1  Not- 
withstanding these  tendencies  toward  unification,  there 
is  no  such  monotony  as  might  be  expected,  for  side  by 
side  with  them  there  is  an  impulse  toward  variety,  ex- 
emplified in  the  varying  length  of  sentence  and  phrase, 
bringing  the  pause  now  at  the  middle  and  now  at  the  end 
of  the  line,  and  giving  at  once  speed  and  sonority,  am- 
plitude and  vigor.  High  as  the  praise  is,  one  can  hardly 
refrain  from  acquiescing  in  the  judgment  of  Sweet,  who 
affirms  that  the  poem  combines  « the  highest  dramatic 
and  constructive  power  with  the  utmost  brilliance  of 
language  and  metre.'1 

1  For  detail*  see  my  previous  edition,  pp.  Ixx-lxxi. 


I.    The  Feast 

[tw]  code  gifena 

in  ftys  ginnan  6r[un]d[e];       heo  o'ar  6a  gearwe  fundt, 
fflyndbvrd^  aet  $am  ijiaeran  peodne,     ]>a  heo  ahte  maeste 

pearfe 
hyldo  Jjaes  hehstan  Deman,     ]?aet  he  hie  wift  J?aes  hehstar 

brogan 

c  gefri-Sode.,  frym^a  Waldend :  hyre'SaesFaederon  roderurn 
torhtmod  ti^e  gefremede,      J?e  heo  ahte  trumne  geleafan 
a  t5  "Sam  ^Elmihtgan.       Gefraegen  ic  "Sa  Holofernus 
wlnhatan  wyrcean  georne,    and  eallum  wundrypi  |7rvmlTc 
girwan  up  swsesendo  :       to  iSam  het  se  gumena  baldor 
,o  ealle  iSa  yldestan  ^egnas  :       hie  iSaet  ofstum  miclum 
raefndon  rondwiggend  [el ,      comon  to  ^am  rican  peodne 
feran  folces  raeswan.       pact  waes  J>y  feorSan  d5gor 
]?aes  iSe  ludith  hyne       gleaw  on  ge^once, 
idgs  aelfscinu,       aerest  gesohte. 

I*  Gr.  No  tirmetodes  ;  K.  Torhtes  tirfruman  no.  — Ib  Mi.  |::eode. 
—  a*  Ms.  gr::d. |  — 4>>  Ett.  hae'Senes  ?  hae'Senan  (for  hehstan).  — 6»  Ett. 
tide.  —  7"  jWi.  aelmihtigan  ;  so  Edd.,  except  AT/.8  aelmihigan.  —  8"  Ms., 
Th-w.,  TA.,  L.,  Ett.  win  hatan  ;  Gr.,  R.,  Sw.,  K.,  K/.3,  W.  winhatan.  — 
1 1"  Ms.  wiggend.  —  I2b  Ms.  dogore  ;  so  Edd.,  except  C.1,  KL8  dogor.  — 
14  After  this  line  the  Ms.  has  X,  indicating  a  division. 


15  Hie  "Sa  to  "Sam  symle       sittan  eodon, 

wlance  to  wlngedrince,       ealle  his  weagesrSas, 

bealde  byrnwiggend  [e] .       pair  waeron  bollan  steape 

boren  aeifter  bencum  gelome,       swylce  eac  bunan  and 
[o] rcas 

fulle  fletsittendum  :       hie  )>aet  fege  j^egon 
20  r5fe  rondwiggende,       ];eah  iSaes  se  rlca  ne  wende, 

egesful  eorla  dryhten.       Da  wearS  Holofernus, 

goldwine  gumena,       on  gvtesalum^ 

hloh  and  hlydde,      hlynede  and  dynede, 

past  mihten  flra  beam       feorran  gehyran, 
*5  hu  se  str3m5da       styrmde  and  gylede, 

modig  and  medugal       manode  geneahhe 

bencsittende      J>aet  hi  gebserdon  wef.1 

Swa  se  inwidda       ofer  ealne  daeg 

dryhtguman  sine       drencte  mid  wine, 
3o^wiSmod  sinces  brytta,       o^J;aet  hie  on  swlman  lagon, 

oferdrencte  his  duguiSe  ealle,      swylce  hie  wsron  dea^Se 
geslegene, 

Sgotenegoda  gehwylces. 

2.    The  Slaying  of  Holof ernes 

Swa  het  se  gumena  [b]  aldor 
f'yl  f  1"|  an  fletsittendum,       o^aet  flra  bearnum 

17*  Mi.  byrnwiggend:.  —  i8b  Ms.  : rcas.  —  22b  Th.  gyste-salum.  —  32* 
Ms.,  Edd.  agotene  ;  K.  agrotene  ? — 32*  Ms.  : aldor  (b  expunged);  Th.y 
Ett.,  Gr.,  R.,  Kl.z,  W.  aldor  j  Thw.t  Siv.,  K.  baldor.  —  33*  Ms.,  Edd. 
fyJgan  ;  K.  fyllan  ?. 


neaTlljehte  niht  seo  pystre.       Het  'Sa  nrSa  geblonden 
35  pa  eadgarrmaegxS       ofstum  fetigan 
to  his  bedreste       beagum  gehlaeste, 
hringum  gehrodene.       Hie  hraiSe  fremedon, 

tnbyhtscealcas,       swa  him  heora  ealdor  bebead, 
yrnwigena  brego  :       bearhtme^stopon 
40  to  'Sam  gysterne,       pair  hie  ludithe 
fundon  ferhSgleawe,       and  -§a  fromllce 
lindwiggende       lasdan  ongunnon 
}?a  torhtan  maegS       to  traefe  J?am  hean, 
]>zer  se  rica  hyne       reste  on  symb  [el] , 
45  nihtes  inne,       Nergende  Ia3 

Holofernus.       p§er  waes  eallgylden 
fleohnet  faeger       ymbe  J>aes  folctogan 
bed  ahongen,       J>aet  se  bealofulla 
mihte  wlltan  |;urh,       wigena  baldor, 
Soon  aeghwylcne       j^e  "Ssrinne  com 
haeleiSa  bearna,       and  on  hyne  nasnig 
monna  cynnes,       nymfte  se  modga  hwaene 
rofra       him  ];e  near  hete 

to  rune  gegan^an.   1    Hie ^Sa  on  reste  gebrohton 
55  [sn]  ude  ~5a  snoteran  ides« ;      eodon  iSa  ste  [rcedf]  erhiSe 

34»  Ms.  nea:shte.  —  35'  Ms.,  Edd.  eadigan.  —  4ob  Mi.  iudithfte. — • 
44b  Ms.  symb::.  —46''  En.  >a.  — 47b  Ms.,  Th<w.,  Th.,  Leo,  Gr.,  R.,  W. 
and  ymbe  ;  Ett.  and  faeger  ;  S-u>.,  K.,  AT/.8  om.  and.  —  5Zb  Mi.,  Edd.  mo- 
diga. — 53"  Th.,  Ett.  het ;  Ms.,  other  Edd.  hete. —55*  Ms.  |::ude; 
Th-w.  snude.  —  55b  Ms.  ste : : : : | ferh«e  ;  Th<w.,  Th.,  Gr.,  K.,  AT/.8,  IT. 
8tercedferhJ)e  ;  Ett.  snelferlrSe  because  of  alliteration  ;  Gr.  swercedferh'Se  ?  j 
R.  swercendferhtSe  ;  S-w.  sweorcendferhSe. 


4  31Ufcttl) 

haeleS    heora    hearran    cy San        ];ast    waes    seo    halge 

meowle 
gebroht   on  his  burgetelde.       pa  wearS   sebrema   on 

m5de 

blrSe,  burga  ealdor,      pohte  "Sa  beorhtan  idese 
mid  wldle  and  mid  womme  besmitan  ;       ne  wolde  J>ae£ 

wuldres  Dema 
6oge^afian,  ]?rymmes    Hyrde,       ac   he    him   l>aes   iSinges^ 

gestyrde, 

Dryhten,  duge^a  Waldend.       Gewat  'Sa  se  deofulcunda, 
galferh^  [ganganl       gumena  Create 
bealofull  his  beddes  neosan,       ]^§er  he  sceolde  his  blsd 

forleosa  [n] 

zedre  binnan  anre  nihte ;       haefde  ^a  his  ende  gebidenm 

65  on  eorSan  jinswSslicne.      swylcne  he  Sr  aefter  worhte, 

];earlmo4  ,  ^eoden    gumena,         J?enden    he    on    "Sysse 

worulde 
wunode  under  wolcna  hrofe,        Gefeol  ^a  wine   swa 

druncen 

se  rica  on  his  reste  middan,      swa  he  nyste  raeda  nanne 
^n  gewitlocan  ;       wiggend  stopon 
70  ut  of  "Sam  inne       ofstum  miclum, 
wer[as]  winsade,       ]>e  ifone  wSrlogan, 
la^ne  leodhatan,       Ijeddon  to  bedde 

56*  Ms.  halige  ;  so  Edd.,  except  C.1,  AT/.8  halge.  —  59*  Th-w.  somme.  — 
6z*  Ms.  galferh'S  ;  Gr.t  K.  galferh'S  [cyning]  ;  Knppel  galferh'S  [gangan]  ; 
F.  galferh'S  [and  grasdig]. — 62b  Ett.  Create  garberendra. — 63b  Ms.  for- 
leo«a:|.  —  64*"  Ett.  he  (for  Sa).  —  71*  Ms.wer::.  —  72*  Gr.  leod-hatan  ?. 


nehstan  srSe.       pa  waes  Nergendes 

}>eowen  ]>rymful       Dearie  gemyndig 
75  hu  heo  J?one  atolan       eaiSost  mihte 

ealdre  ben§eman       gr  se  unsyfra, 

worn  full,  onwoce.       Genam  $a  wundenlocc 

dcyppencles  maegiS       scearpne  mece, 

^curum  heardne,       and  of  scea'Se  abraed 
80  swlSran  folme  ;       ongan  $a  swegles  Weard 

be  naman  nemnan,       Nergend  ealra 

woruldbuendra,       and  }>aet  word  acwasiS  : 

4  Ic  "Se  frymiSa  God,       and  frofre  Gfest, 

Beam  Alwaldan,       biddan  wylle 
85  miltse  }?Inre       me  j^earfendre, 

_iSry_nesse  "8rym.       pearle  ys  me  nu  "Sa 

heorte  ^mhjetecl       andjiige  geomor, 

jwy^e  mid  sorgum  gedreteci  ;    torglT  me,  swegles  Ealdor, 

sigor  and  so^ne  geleafan,     ]?aet  ic  mid  ]>ys  sweorde  mote 
9ogeheawan  ]?ysne  morSres  bryttan  ;       geunne  me  mlnra 


J;earImod_J;eodeTt  gumena  :       naht  [e]  ic  ]nnre  nxfre 
miltse  J7on  imlrah  ]?earf  [e]  :       gewrec  nfl,  mihtig  Dryh- 

ten, 

torhtmod  tires  Brytta,      J?aet  me  ys  bus  torne  on  mode, 
.hate  on  hreffre  minum.'      Hi  ^a  se  nehsta  Dema 
9S  aedre  pi'd  elne  onbryrdgj       swa  he  de$  anra  gehwylcne 


85"  Ms.  hearffendre.  —  86b  AT/.3  J)earle  me  nutfa.  —  87*  Ms.,  Th-w.,  Gr.t 
ff.,  AT/.3  heorte  ys  ;  Th.,  Ett.,  R.,  Sw.  heorte  (heorte  ysno/<r);AT.  he«rte.  — 
90b  Mi.  ge::nta.  —  9ib  Ms.  naht:.  —  9Za  Ms.  )>earf:. 


herbuendra       ]?e  hyne  him  to  helpe  seceft 

mid  raede^and  mid  rihte  geleafan.       pa  wearS  hyre  rume 
on  mode, 

haligre  hyht  genlwod  ;       genam  ~Sa  J?one  haeftnan  man- 
nan 

faeste  be  feaxe  slnum,      teah  hyne  folmum  wift  hyre 

weard 
too  bvsmerllce,     'and  ]>one  bealofullan 

listum  aledgj      la^ne  mannan, 

swa  heo  jjggj^unlaidan       eaiSost  jnihte, 

wel  ^ewealdan.  \  Sloh^Sa  wundenlocc 

J;one  feondscea^aV       fagum  mece 
105  hetej;oncolne,       j;aet  heo  healfne  forcearf 

];one  sweoran  him,       J>aet  he  on  swiman  laeg, 

druncen  and  dolhwund.       Naes  "Sa  deaT^a'gyt,  "" 

ealles  orsawk  :       sloh  ^a  eornoste 

ides  ellenr5f       [o}7]1"6  sl'Se 
no]^one  hse^nan  hund,       ]?aet  him  ];aet  heafod  wand 

forS  on  ^a  flore  ;       laeg  se  fula  leap 

.gesne  beaeftan,       gaest  ellor  hwearf  ^ 

mnder  neowelng  naes^      ajid_^gr  genySerad  waes, 


115  wyrmumHewunden,       wltum  gebunden, 
Jiearde  gehaefted       in  hellebryne 


98b  Ms.  hae-Senan  ;  so  Edd.,  except  C.1,  AT/.8  hasi5nan.  —  105*  Th-w.,  Th.t 
Ett.  hete  J>oncolne.  —  io8b  TAiv.  eornost.  —  iO9b  Ms.  ::re.  —  no*  Ms.t 
Edd.  haiSenan  ;  C.I  hz«nan.  —  11^  Ms.,  TA-w.,  Gr.,  Sv>.,  K.t  Kl.  .»,  W. 
neowelne  naes  j  Leo  neowelnis  ;  Ett.  neowelnes  ;  TA.l  newelnaes  ;  TA.2,  R. 
neowelnaes. 


_aefter  hinsrSe.       Ne  'Scarf  he  hopian  no, 
]>yst  [rum]  forSylmed,       j;aet  he  3onan  mote 
of  Sam  wyrmsele,       ac  iSair  wunian  sceal 
noawa  to  aldre       butan  ende  forS 

in  ffamjieolstran  him       hyhtwynna  leas. 

•*  -  _       •  ~ 

.   The  Return  to  Eethulia 


Haefde  $a  gefohten       foremgrne  bl^d_ 

ludith  aet  gu^e       swa  hyre  God  uSe, 

swegles  Ealdor,      pe  hyre  sigores  onleah. 
125  pa  seo  snotere  maegS       snude  gebrohte 

paes  herewaeftan       heafod  swa  blodig 

on  $am  fietelse       ]?e  hyre  jore^enga^ 

blachleor  ides,       hyra  begea  nest. 

~Seawum  ge^ungen       }?yder  on  lasdde, 
130  and  hit  [^a]  swa  heolfrig       hyre  on  hond  agea[f], 

[higei$]oncolre,      ham  to  berenne, 

ludith  jjingr  [an]  slnre.     Eodon  i$a  gegnum  |>anonne 

J;a  idesa  ba     _ellenbriste^_ 

oiS^aet  hie  becomon 


i3SeadhreSge  mae^S  ut  of  iSam  herige, 
];aet  hie  sweotolllce  geseon  mThteri" 
]>aere  wljtegan  by  rig  weallas  bllcan, 
Bethuliam.  Hie  i5a  beahhrodene 


1 1 8*  Ms.  fiyst::.  —  121  After  this  line  the  Ms.  has  XI,  indicating  a  dl-vl 
sion.  —  I27b  Leo,  Gr.,  R.  fore  genge.  —  130*  Ms.  ::  (for  "Sa).  —  1 30* 
Ms.  agea:.  —  131*  Ms.  :::::oncolre.  —  132*  Ms.  gingr::|.  —  134*  Ms., 
Thw.  hie  hie.  —  135*  Ms.,  Edd.  eadhreiSige. 


8  3f|uDitl) 

feSelaste       forS  onettan, 
1400$  hie  glaedmode       gegan  hasfdon 
to  ^Sam  wealgate.       Wiggend  saeton, 
weras  waeccende       wearde  heoldon 
in  iSam  faestenne,       swa  iSam  folce  aer 
geomormodum       ludith  behead, 
145  §earo3oncolmaego<,      }>a  heo  on  sift  gewat, 
ides  ellenrorr      Waes  "Sa  eft  cumen 
leof  t5  leodum,       and  iSa  lungre  het 
gumena  sumne 


g 

nyre  togeanes  gan       of  "Siere  ginnan  byrig, 
1  50  and  hi  ofostllce       in  forlxt[a]n 

]?urh  "Saes  wealles  geat,       and  J?aet  word  acwaeiS 
to  "Sam  sigefolce  :    /  4  Ic  eow  secgan  maeg 
,     t]^a 


)?oncwyrSe  J>ing,       ]^aet  ge  ne  ]>yrfen  leng 

[mujrnan  on  mode:       eow  ys  Metod  bl[rSe], 
155  cyninga  Wuldor  ;       J?aet  gecy^ed  wearS 

geond  woruld  wide,       ]>apt  ^ow  ys  wuldorblaed, 

tpr[ht]llc  toweard       and  tlr  gifeiSe 

]?ara  lae^iSa       ]>e  ge  lange  drugon.' 

Pa  wurdon  blrSe       burhsittende, 
1  60  sy^iSan  hi  gehyrdon       hu  seo  halge  spraec 

I4ib  Ms.  weal  above  line.  —  142*  Ms.  1  of  heoldon  corr.from  r.  — 
I44b  Ms.t  Tkio.,  Tk.,  Rie.  ludithe.  —  149  TAus  in  R.,  S-w.  ;  Ms.,  other 
Edd.  of  "Saere  ginnan  byrig  hyre  togeanes  gan  ;  Z.  to  gcanes  faran  ?  — 
150*  Gr.om.  hi.  —  i5<Db  Ms.  forleton  ;  Th*w.  forlaeten  ;  K.,  W.  forteton  ; 
AT/.8  forletan  ;  other  Edd.  forljetan.  —  1  54*  Ms.  :  :  man.  —  I  54*  Ms.  bl  :  :  :.  — 
157*  Ms.  tor::  lie.  —  158*  Gr.  [on  last]  J>ara  IseftSa  ?  ;  R.  "Sara  laeWa  [to 
botej?  j  Z.  fcara  lae'S'Sa  [to  leane].  —  i6o»  Mi.,  Edd.  halige  ;  C.l  halge. 


ofer  heanne  weall.       Here  waes  on  lustum, 
wrS  ]>aes  faestengeates       folc  onette, 
weras  wlf  somod,       wornum  and  heap  [umj  , 
ftreatum  and  'Srymmum       J;rungon  and  urnon 

65  ongean  fta  ]>eo  [d]  nes  maegS     _Jmsendmjelum,  _ 
ealde  ge  geonge  :       aeghwylcum  wearS 
men  on  "Saere  medobyrig       mod  aretedf 
sySSan  hie  ongeaton       J?aet  waesludith  cumen 
eft  to  eSle,       and  ~Sa  ofostllce 

70  hie  _mid  ga^medum       in  forleton. 
pa  seo  gleawe  het       golde  gefraetewod 
hyre  ^Inenne       J>ancolmode 
}>aes  herewae^an"  "    heafod  onwri^an, 
and  hyj^tcLbehSe       blodig  astywan 

75  ];am  burhleodum,       hu  hyre  act  beaduwe  gespeow. 
Spraec  ^a  seo  aeiSele       [to  ea]  Hum  J?a  [m]  folce  : 
c  Her  ge  magon  sweotol  [e]  ,       fsilgerdfe  haeleS, 
leoda  rasswan,       on  "Saes  la^estan 
haeSnes  hea^Sorinces       heafod  staria[n], 

80  Holofernus       unlyfigendes, 

]?e  us  monna  maest    •  morSra  gefremede, 
sarra  sorga,       and  J?aet  swjrSor  gyt 
yean  wolde  ;       ac  him  ne  uiSe  God 
lengran  llfes,       past  he  mid  las$3um  us 


i63b  Ms.  heap::.  —  165*  Ms.  beoftnes.  —  I  j6b  Ms.  ::  ::llu  }>a  (abbr. 
for  m  lost).  —  177*  Ms.  sweo-tol:.  —  I77b  Ms.  ::gerofe.  —  179'  Ms., 
Edd.  hae-Senes;  C.I  haetSnes.  —  I79»  Ms.  stariaS.  —  182"  Ms.,  $w.,  K., 
AT/.3,  W.  and  >aet  swy^or  ;  Th-w.  and  syj>or  ;  TA.,  Gr.,  R.  and  swy^Sor;  Ett. 
and  swifter. 


IO 

185  eglan  m5ste  :       ic  him  ealdor  o^ 

Jmrh  Codes  fultum.     Nu  ic  gumena  gehwaene 

pyssa  burgleoda       biddan  wylle, 

randwiggendra,       ];aet  gej^ceneeow 

fysan  t5  gefeohte ;       sy&San  frymfta  God, 
i9oarfaest  Cyning,       eastan  sende 

leohtne  leoman,       beraiS  linde  forS, 

bord  for  breostum       and  byrnhomas, 

sclre  helmas       in  sceaiSena  gemong, 

fyllanfolctogaq      fagum  sweordum, 
195  fegejrumgaras.       Fynd  syndon  eowre 

gedemed  t5  deafte       and  ge  dom  agon, 

tjr  aet  tohtan,       swa  eow  getacnod 

mihtig  Dryhten       ]>urh  mine  [hjand' 

4.    The   Battle 

pa  wearS  jnelra  werod       snude  g  [e]  gearewod, 
».oo_cenra  to  campe  ;       stopon  cyn  [e]  rofe 

secgas  and  gesrSas,       basron  [sige]  j^ufas, 

foron  to  gefeohte       forS  on  gerihte, 

haele~S  under  helmum       of  iSaere  halgan  byrig 

on  "Saet  daegred^sylf ;       dynedan  scildas, 
405  hlriHeJhliimmQn.      paes  se  hlanca  gefeah 

i88b  Ett.  recen.  —  190*  TA.,  L.,  Ett.,  Gr.,  R.,  K.  aerfsest ;  Ms., 
TA-w.,  Siv.,  AT/.8,  W.  arfaest.  —  194"  Ett.  fyllan  (opt.  ist  pi. )  ;  Ett.  fyllaS  ?. 
—  I95b  Mi.  eowere  ;  so  Edd.,  except  AT/.3  eo-wre.  —  igS1"  Ms.  :  and.  — 
I99b  Ms.  g: gearewod.  —  aoob  Ms.  cyn: rofe.  —  20 ib  Ms.,  TAzu.,  Th., 
fT.  )>ufas;  Ett.,Kl*  sige^ufas;  Gr.,  5w.,  AT.  [sige]  Jmfas  ;  R*  Jmfas ; 
W.  note  scgnas.  — 2O3b  Ms.  haligan  j  Tk.l-  2  haligran  ;  C.1  halgan. 


IttDttl) 

wulf  in  walde,       and  se  wanna  hrefn, 
waelglfre  fugel  :       w  [i]  Stan  begen 
)>aet  him  fia  ]?eodguman       J?6hton  tilian 
fylle  on  fasgum  ;       ac  him  fleah  on  last 

10  earn  aetes  georn,       urigfeftera  j 
salowigpada       sang  hildeleoiS, 
hyrnednebba.       Stopon  heaftorincas, 
beornas  t5  beadowe      J^dun^^^L^Ev 
hwealfum  lindum,       |;a  ,  j$e  hwlle  aer 

1$  elftertfjigra        pHwIt  |?oledon, 

hs^enrahosp;       him  ];aet  hearde  wearS 
^aet  ^am  aescplegan       eallum  forgolden 
Assyrium,       sy^an  Ebreas 
under  gu^^anum       gegan  haefdon 

•t.z  t5  "Sam  fyrdwlcum.       Hie  fta  fromllce 
leton  foriS  fleogan       flana  scuras, 
of  hornbogan, 


straelas  st  [edehea]  rdej       styrmdon  hlude 
grame  gu^Sfreca  [n]  ,       [g]  aras  sendon 
5  in  heardra  gemang.       Haele^S  wa?ro[n]   [yjrre, 
landbuende       la^um  cynne  ; 
stopon  styrnmode,       stercedferh^e^ 
wrehton  unsofte       ealdgenlSlan__ 

20?b  Ms.,  TAw.,  TA.,  Gr.t  R.t  K.,  Kl.z,  W.  westan  ;  Ett.  weston  ; 
Sw.  wiston.  —  2O9b  Gr.  eac  ?;  R.  eac.  —  an*  AT/.8  note  haswigpada  ?.  — 
222*  Ms.  ::::  naedran  ;  TA-w.t  TA.,  Gr.  hilde  naedran  ;  Ett.,  R.,  Siv.,  AT., 
K/.s,  W.  hildenaedran.  —  223*  Ms.  st::::::rde.  —  223b  TA.l  strymdon  ; 
Leo  strimdon.  —  224*  Ms.  gu'Sfreca:.  —  224b  Ms.  :aras.  —  225b  Ms- 
waero:  :|rre.  —  228*  Leo  weahton  j  Gr.  ehton  ? 


12 

medowerige ;       mundum  brugdon 
130  scealcas  of  scea'Sum       sclrmseled  swyrd 

ecgum  gecoste,       slogon  eornoste 

Assiria       oretmaecgas, 

nrShycgende,       nanne  ne  sparedon 

J?aes  herefolces       heanne  ne  rlc[n]e 
•?35  cwicera  manna       J>e  hie  ofercuman  mihton. 
Swa  iSa  jnagol'egnas       on  i$a  morgentld 

(phton  eliSeoda       ealle^rage. 

oiSj^et  ongeaton      _Sa  iSe.  grame  waron? 

"Sags  herefolces       heafodweardas, 
'44o]7aet  him  s_wyrdp|eswinp;       swi-Slic  eowdon 

weras  Ebrisce.       Hie  wordum  }>aet 

J?am  yldestan       ealdor]?egnum 

cy^an  eodon,       wrehion  cumbolwigan_ 

and  him  forhtlice       fierspel  bodedon, 
y-45  medowerigum       morgencollan, 

atolne  ecgplegan.       p§  ic  sedre^gefraegn 

slegefege  haele^       sl^pe  tobred[a]n 

and  wiiS  J;aes  bealofullan       burgeteldes 

weras  [werig]  ferh~Se       hwearfum  J?ringan 
250  Ho  [lo]  fernus  ;       hogedon  aninga 

234"  Ms.,  TA-w.t  Th.,  Ett.,  W.  rice;  Gr.  -\-  _  ricne.  —  235  After 
this  line  the  Ms.  has  \XII,  indicating  a  division.  —  23 8b  R.  gramra.  — 
243*"  Leo  weahton  ;  Gr.  wehton  ;  Sprachschatx  wrehton  ;  Ett.  wrehton  ? 
wrehton?  rehton  ?  —  247*  Ms.,  Thiv.,  Th.,  K.,  AT/.3,  JF.  tobredon  ;  Ett., 
Gr.,  R.,  Sw.  tobredan.  — 249"  Ms.,  Thiv.,  Th.,  AT/.8  ferh'Se ;  Ett. 
wideferh'Se  ;  Gr.  werig-  for  weras  ;  R.  hreowig-  ?;  Stv.  [hreowig-]  ;  AT. 
[werig-]  5  W.  .  .  .  ferh'Se.  —  249b  Ett.  wornum  j  Th-w.  bringan.  —  250* 
Ms.  ho::|fernus. 


13 


hyra  hlaforde       h  [i]  Id  [e]  bodian, 

him  se  egesa       on  ufan  saste, 


maegenTEbrea.  I    Mynton  ealle 

j;aet  se  beorna  ofego       and  seo*beorhte  maegiS 

255  in  iSam  wlitegan  traefe       waeron  aetsomne, 
ludith  seo  aeSele      and  se  galmoda, 
egesfull  and  afor  ;       naes  fteah  eorla  nan, 
J>e  "Sone  wiggend       aweccan  dorste, 
oiS^e  gecunnian       hu  iSone  cumbolwigan 

z6owiS  ^Sa  halgan  maegft       haefde  geworden, 
Metodes  meowlan.       Maegen  nealaehte, 
folc  Ebrea,       fuhton  Dearie 
heardum  heoruwaepnum,       hgfslte  guidon 
^  hy  ra^  fy  r  n  gejl  i  t  u      Jagu  m  swyrdum 

a6s  ealde  aefSoncan  ;_     Assyria  wearS 
on  "Sam  daegweorce       dom  geswi^rod, 
basic  forblged.       Beornas  stodon^ 
ymbe  hyra  |?eodnes  traef 


^weorcendferh^e.       Hi  i$a  somod  ealle 
syo  ongunnon_cohhej[f]  an.^^  cirman  hlude^ 
and  gnstbltian       Gode  orfeorme, 
mid  to^on  torn  ];oligende  ;      );a  waes  hyra  tires  aet  ende, 


25ib  Ms.,  Tk-w.,  TA.t  Ett.,  AT/.8,  W.  hyldo  ;  Leo  +  hilde.  —  263* 
Ms.,  Thiu.,  TA.,  Ett.,  Gr.,  R.,  K.,  AT/.3,  W.  hsfte ;  Gr.  (Sprackschatx) 
hasste?;  S-w.  haeste.  —  265*  Ms.,  TAw.,  Gr.,  Siv.,  K.,  AT/.»,  W.  ealde 
aefSoncan;  Ett.,  TA.  ealle  afSoncan  ;  R.  ealde  afSoncan.  —  266*  Ms.,  TAiv., 
Gr.  daege  weorce  ;  other  Edd.  dasgeweorce.  —  270*  Ms.  cohhetan  ;  C.1,  AT/.8 
cohhettan.  —  271*  Ett.,  TV;.2  gode  ;  J/M  -|-  gode. 


eades  and  ellendajda.       Hogedon  ]>a  eorlas 
awecc  [an]  [hi]  ra  win  [e]  dryhten  :     him  wiht  ne  speow. 
»7S  pa  wear  [3]    [s]  f3  and  late       sum  to  "Samjirod 
J>ara  beadorinca,       [J7^]  he  m  J7361  burgetelH 
ne^de^      swa  hyne  nyd  fordraf  : 


^ 

funde  fta  on  bedde       blacne  lic[gan] 

his  goldgifan  gaistes  gesne, 
a8o  Hfes  belidenn  [e]  .  He  ]>a  lungre  gefeoll 

freorig  to  foldan,       ongan  his  feax  teran, 

hreoh  on  mode,      and  his  hraegl  somod, 

and  j^aet  word  acwaeiS       t5  "Sam  wiggendum, 

]>e  fticr  unrote  ute  waron  : 
185  *  Her  ys  geswutelod  ure  sylfra  forwyrd, 

toweard  getacnod       ]^aet  J)^re  tide  ys 

[nul  mid  ni^um       neah 


J;e  [we  life]-  sculon       losian  somod, 
aet  saecce  forweorSan  :*    her  lr$  sweorde  geheawen, 
zgobeheafdod  healden[d]  ure.'  _   Hi  iSa  hreowigmode 

273"  Ms.  ::des.  —  273b  Ms.,  TAw.,  Th.,  Ett.,  Gr.,  K.,  Kl.*,W. 
hogedon  J>a  eorlas;  R.,  Siv.  )>a  eorlas  hogedon.  —  2.74*  Ms.  awecc::]; 
Ms.  |::raj  Ms.  wina-  ;  Edd.  wine-.  —  275*  Ms.  wear:;  Ms.  \-.\o.  —  • 
275b  Ett.  araed  ?  anraed  ?  —  276*  Ms.  :(for  first  t>aet).  —  277"  Z,.  ineode 
(for  ne'Sde).  —  278b  Ms.  lie:::.  —  279b  Ett.  gaesenne  ;  Gr.  gaestes  gesne 
his  goldgiian  ?.  —  280*  Ms.  belidenn:.  —  281*  Ms.  (Sie-v.)  foldan  ;  Ms., 
(Th.,  S-w.)  feoldan;  Th.,  Ett.  feoldan  ;  Th-w.  +  foldan.  —  285"  Ms. 
gswutelod.  —  286b  Ett.  tide  )>a  git  |  is.  —  287*  Gr.  ,  K.  [nu]  mid  ni'Sum  ; 
R.  mid  nfSa.  bearnum  ;  S-w.  [nu]  m^  nrSum  ;  Ms.  ,  TA<w.,  IV.  mid  nrSum  ; 
Ett.  mid  nTSum  ;  Heath  (  Foster,  p.  103)  mid  nipe  niwum  ;  KI.S  reads  287 
and  288  as  one  line,  mid  nitJum  neah  ge'Srungen,  'Se  we  sculon  nu  losian.  — 
288'  Ms.  ::  (after  }>e),  Edd.  supply  we  ;  Ms.  sculon  ;  Ett.,  R.  life  sculon  ; 
Gr.,  K.  [life]  sculon.  —  290*  Ms.  healden:. 


15 

wurpon  hyra  w^pe[n]    ofdune,      gewitan  him  werig- 

ferhiSe 
on  fleam  sceacan. 

6.   The  Pursuit 

Him  mon  feaht  on  last, 
mggeneacen  f[olcj.       o$  se  maJsta  dail 
jTSs  hedges  laeg       hilde  gesSged  _ 
'.95  on  Sam  sigewonge,       sweordum  geheawen, 
wulfum  to  willan,       and  eac  waelgifrum 
fuglum  to  frofre.       Flugon  '8a  i5e  lyfdo  [n] 
V^.Sra  lind  [wiggendra^.       Him  on  laste  for 

Jsweof  Jfcbrea         sianrp  ^pwpr>r?ir.H1 

.oodofmel  gedyrsod^       him  feng  Dryhten  God 

Feegre  on  ful[tum].,       Frea  aelmihdg^---^* 

Hi  Sa  fromllce       fagum  swyrdum 

haeleS  higerofe       herpa^  worhton 

J>urh  laSra  gemong,       linde  heowon, 
$05  scildbu rhjic Perron]  ;       sceotend  wsron 

gQ$e  gegremede,       guman  Ebris  [ce] ; 

J^egnas  on  ^a  tlcf      Dearie  gelyste 

gargewinnes.       pSr  on  greot  gefeoll 

se  hylista  dc"el       heafodgerlmes_ 
!  i  o  Assiria       ealdorduguiSe, 

291*  Ms.  waepe:.  —  2,93*  Ms,  —  ecen  ;  Ms.  f:::.  —  I97b  Mi.  lyfdo:|  ; 
Ett.  lifdon.  —  298"  Ms.  linde:)  ;  Ett.,  Gr.  lindwig(g)endra  ;  TJtw.,TA.,  Leo, 
5w.,  K.  lind;  R.  lind*;  /*%  AT/.»  linde.  —  300'  Ms.  do::.—  301'  Ms 
ful:::. — 305*  .Ms.  scxr::|.  —  306""  Ms.  Ebreis::. 


1 6 

IztSan  cynnes  :       Iythw5n  bec5m 

cwicera  to  cyiSiSe.       Cirdon  cynerofe, 

wiggend  onwrSertrod^,     waelscel  oninnan, 

reocende  hrxw;       rum  waes  to  nimanne 
15  londbuendum       on  "Sam  laiSestan, 

hyra  ealdfeondum       unlyfigendum 

heolfrig  herereaf,      b(^rsta  scyne, 

bord  and  brad  swyrd,  .    brune  helmas, 

dyre  madmas.     Haefdon  domllce 
izoon  "Sam  folcstede       fynd  oferwunnen 

eSelweardas,       ealdhettende 

swyrdum  aswefede  ;       hie  on  swaiSe  reston 

];aJSe  him  to  life       laiSost_wieron 

[cwicera]  cynna. 

7.   The  Spoil 

[D]a  seo  cneoris  call, 
325  msegS  [a]    [m]  Srost,       anes  mon'Ses  fyrst, 

wlanc  wundenlocc       [waelgon  and  Iseddon 

to  "Szere  beorhtan  byrig       Bethuliam 

helmas  and  hupseax,       hare  byrnan, 

guiSsceorp  gumena       golde  gefraetewod, 
33omSrra  madma      ];onne  mon  Snig 

3i2b  Ett.  tirdon  (=  tirigdon)? — 313*  Cos.  waelstel,  waelsteal(l). — 
314*  Ett.  rsewe  ?  ;  Gr.  recende  (SfracAscAatz  reocende).  —  320*"  Th<w.  fyrd. 
—  324*  Ms,  :::::::.  —  324*"  Mi.  :a.  —  325'  Ms.  maeg::  taerost.  —  326* 
Ett.,  Gr.  wlance ;  TAiv.,  Th.,  L.,  Ett.,  Gr.  wundenloce  ;  Mi.,  R.,  Siv., 
K.  wundenlocc  ;  R.  wlanc  wigena  heap  ?.  —  326""  Ms.  ::gon.  —  328b  1h. 
herebyrnan.  —  330*  R.  madma  fela?  madma  worn  ?. 


17 

asecgan  maege       sear  [o]  Voncelra^ 

eal  ]?aet  "Sa  "Seodguman       }>rymme  geeodon, 

cene  under  cumblum       [on]  compwlge 

\>urh  ludithe       gleawe  lare 
335  maegS  modigre.      Hi  to  mede  hyre 

of  $am  srSfate       sylfre  brohton 

eorlas  aescrofe       Holofernes 

sweord  and  swatigne  helm,       swylce  eac  side  [bylrnan 

gerenode  readum  golde,       and  eal  J>aet  se  rinca  baldor 
340  swrSmod  sinces  ahte       oiS^e  sundoryrfes, 

beaga  and  beorhtra  maiSma,       hi  J>aet  ]>xre  beorhtan  idese 

ageafon  gearoponcolre. 

8.    The  Praise 

Ealles  "Saes  ludith  sasgde 

wuldor  weroda  Dryhtne,       J?e  hyre  weoriSmynde  geaf. 
maerSe  on  moldan  rice,       swylce  eac  mede  on  heofonum, 
345  sigorlean  [in  swegles]  wuldre       ];aes  "Se  heo  ahte  soiSne 

geleafan 

[a]    to  iSa  [m]    ^Elmihtgan  ;        huru  act  ];am  ende   ne 
tweode 

331*  Ms.  sear:  )>oncelra. — 333"  Ms.,  This.  -) ;  Th.,  AT/.8  and;  Gr. 
and  (preposition')  ;  Ett.  aet ;  R.,  S<w.,  K.  on.  —  336*  TAtv.  sylfne.  —  338* 
Ms.  ::rnan.  —  343"  Th.,  K/.s  wuldor-weroda. —  345*  sigorlean  is  the  last 
•word  in  fol.  2O&  ;  the  rest  is  added  on  the  lower  margin,  apparently  in  a 
hand  of  the  ijth  or  i8th  century,  and  is  now  for  the  most  part  illegible  (o/ro.)  ; 
wuldre  next  ivord  legible  after  sigorlean  (Cook}.  — 346*  Gr.  [up}  f  R.  upf 
Szt>.,  K.  [a]  ;  Ms.  om.  a:  ;  Ms.  fta:  ;  Ms.,  Edd.  zlmihtigan. 


1 8  Itt&ttt) 

]>aes  lea[nes  J?e  heo]    l[a]nge   gyrnde.       pass  sy  iSam 

leofan  Dryhtne 

wu[ldor]  t5  wldan  aldre,       J?e  gesceop  wind  and  lyfte, 
roderas  and  [rum]  e  grundas,       swylce  eac  re^e  stream 

as 
•  ?o  and  swe  [gles]  dreamas       [J>urh  his  sylfes  miltse] . 

347»   Ms.  lea:::  ::  :::  l:nge. —  348"  Ms.  wu::::. — 348b  Ett.  he.  ^-^ 
349*  Ms.  :::e.  —  350*  Ms.  swe::::.  — 35Ob  Ms.  illegible. 


Ib.  The  suggested  emendations  are  not  convincing,  but  ne  or 
no  should  almost  certainly  be  supplied.  Though  the  numbers  in 
the  Ms.  before  lines  15  (X),  122  (XI),  and  236  (XII)  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  we  here  have  only  the  end  of  a  much  longer 
poem,  yet  the  poem  seems  virtually  complete  as  it  now  is,  and  the 
lines  which  here  stand  first  are  echoed  so  significantly  at  the  end  that 
it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  more  than  a  very  few  lines  are  missing. 
Note  how  tivlode  is  repeated  in  346"",  and  6b— 7*  in  345b—  346*. 

2-12.  This  is  the  first  group  of  long  or  expanded  lines,  which 
together  constitute  nearly  one  fifth  of  the  poem,  or  66-J- lines.  The 
others  are  16-21,  30-34,  54-61,  63-68,  88-99  (excluding  96'), 
132,  272-274*,  289b-29i,  298%  338-350  (excluding  350*).  In 
general,  the  long  lines  of  Old  English  poetry  are  employed  in  passages 
of  peculiar  elevation  and  solemnity,  or  in  those  expressive  of  un- 
wonted agitation.  Foster's  theory  (Judith,  p.  39)  is  that  in  these 
expanded  lines  '  lies  the  whole  story,  dramatically  told,  and  doubt- 
less intended  to  be  delivered  in  recitative.  The  rest  is  epic  in  its  de- 
scription of  details,  and  has  much  the  same  functions  as  the  chorus 
in  a  Greek  tragedy.'  See  p.  xxvi. 

2b.  6af.  This  form,  according  to  Sievers,  is  Late  West  Saxon 
(Gr.  321,  note  2). 

7*.  ^Elmihtgan.  The  reason  for  eliding  the  second  »  is  thus 
given  in  Gr.  144  a  :  '  Every  middle  vowel  of  a  trisyllabic  word 
[&lmihtigan  is  here  treated  like  mihtigati^,  when  originally  short, 
and  not  rendered  long  by  position,  is  syncopated  after  a  long  radical 
syllable.'  Besides,  according  to  metrical  principles,  we  should  here 
read  ^LXX  |  -^-^X,  not  -^XX  \  -+-+-XX. 

12*.  J>y  feorSan  dogor.  Jud.  12.  10  :  'And  in  the  fourth 
day  Holofernes  made  a  feast.'  —  d5gor.  The  regular  instru- 
mental form  would  be  dogre,  but  such  forms  as  this  are  also  found 
(Gr.  289).  The  reason  for  preferring  it  or  dogre  here,  against 
manuscript  authority,  is  metrical.  The  hemistich  now  scans : 
XXX  |  -^X  |  JLX. 


22 

14*.  ides  aelfscinu.  Both  Abraham  and  Abimelech  call 
Sarah  m<eg  tslfscieno,  Gen.  1827,  2730.  Otherwise  neither  Old 
nor  Modern  English  seems  to  afford  us  much  help  in  determining 
just  what  is  meant  (see  NED.  s.  v.  elf).  The  Old  Norse  is  more 
suggestive.  Thus  the  Edda  has  its  Ijosdlfar,  'elves  of  light,'  whose 
king  is  the  god  Frey  (the  god  of  light),  and  the  sun  is  sometimes 
poetically  called  alfrodull,  '  elfin  beam  or  light  *  (Cleasby-Vigfusson, 
Icel.-Eng.  Diet.). 

23  ff.  This  is  the  most  graphic  picture  of  hilarious  inebriety  in 
the  whole  range  of  Old  English  poetry. 

24*.  fira  beam.    A  Hebraism. 

25*.  stiSmoda.  Such  weak  adjectives  used  as  nouns  are  rather 
frequent  in  the  poem. 

31*.  duguSe.  The  word  corresponds  to  German  Tugend,  and 
is  related  to  Mod.  Eng.  doughty. 

32b.  baldor.  Both  gumena  aldor  and  gumena  baldor  occur, 
so  that  it  is  difficult  to  know  which  the  poet  intended  here  ; 
perhaps  the  expunction  of  b  was  done  merely  by  the  latest  scribe. 

33*.  fyllan.  This  seems  preferable  tofylgan,  the  manuscript 
reading,  since  that  could  only  mean,  'serves,'  a  sense  otherwise  unex- 
ampled in  the  poetry.  Here  '  fill '  means,  of  course,  '  fill  with  wine," 
'  pour  out. ' 

46.  eallgylden.  Jud.  10.  20,  21  assures  us  that  Holofernes' 
canopy  was  woven  with  '  purple,  and  gold,  and  emeralds,  and  precious 
Stones. ' 

47b.  ymbe.  The  manuscript  and  before  this  word  is  evidently 
superfluous. 

5Ib.  naenig.    I.  e.  [mihte  wlltan]. 

55b.  stercedferhSe.  Thwaites  so  reads,  and  the  Ms.  ste  .  .  . 
forbids  the  emendations  of  Ettmuller,  Grein,  Rieger,  and  Sweet. 
The  word  occurs  again  in  227. 

59b.  wuldres  Dema.  Not  a  very  felicitous  epithet.  It  is 
formed  by  the  substitution  of  Dema,  as  in  4,  94,  for  Cyning,  in 
•wuldres  Cyning  (cf.  Chr.  565,  etc.),  which  reposes  on  Ps.  24.  7, 
IO,  and  is  not  found  elsewhere  ;  prymmes  Hyrde  is  equivalent. 

62*.  gangan.  geivat  gangan  (gongan)  is  also  found  in  A-z. 
1 80,  Gen.  1049  ;  there  is  no  point  in  introducing  the  word  cyning; 
and  there  is  no  reason  for  here  depicting  Holofernes  as  '  greedy. ' 

77b.  wundenlocc.    Here,  and  in  103,  Judith  is  curly-haired, 


23 

as  are  the  Hebrews  generally  in  326.  Elsewhere  in  OE.  poetry, 
it  is  only  an  unnamed  woman  in  Rid.  2611  who  is  so  characterized. 

87*.  heorte.  The  ys  of  the  Ms.  seems  to  be  repeated  from  the 
preceding  line. 

94b-95*.  Observe  the  peculiar  syntax  of  the  adverb,  and  com- 
pare 97  . 

96".   him.    Reflexive. 

99b.  wiS  hyre  weard.  Cf.  to  ui-ivarJt  Ps.  40.  7 ;  Eph. 
I.  19  ;  2  Pet.  3.  9  (all  A.  V.). 

1 10*.  hund.  See  i  Sam.  17.  43  j  2  Kings  8.  13  for  similar 
contemptuous  uses  of  '  dog.* 

IIIb.  leap.  The  sense  is  only  to  be  ascertained  from  the  con- 
text. Usually  teap  =  '  basket. ' 

112*.  gesne.  The  word  occurs  as  late  as  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  later  dialect  ically;  cf.  NED.  and  Eng.  Dial.  Diet. 
8.  v.  geafon. 

113*.  under  neowelne  naes.  Cf.  Beoiv.  1411.  The  con- 
ception of  a  Cliffof  the  Dead  is  an  old  one.  In  the  London  Academy 
(34.  257)  Professor  F.  York  Powell  says  :  '  Gill  and  others  have 
recorded  the  Polynesian  belief  respecting  the  Spirit's  Rock  —  a  prr- 
cipice,  generally  overlooking  the  sea,  down  which  the  spirits  of  the 
dead  are  supposed  to  leap  after  death  on  their  way  to  the  spirit- 
world,  and  down  which  living  persons  have  occasionally  hurled  them- 
selves out  of  life.  This  belief  obtained  also  among  the  Greeks  } 
and  Odyssey  24.  1 1  presents  a  very  clear  allusion  to  Leucas,  White- 
ClifF,  as  a  way  to  the  spirit- world.'  He  also  refers  to  Gautrec's 
Saga,  p.  7,  though  this  is  less  pertinent.  In  a  later  issue  (34.  355) 
I  compared  El.  832,  where,  as  here,  the  sense  of  '  headland," 
'  cliff,'  is  hardly  evident,  and  endeavored  thus  to  show  how  that  sense 
might  have  passed  into  that  of  '  chasm,'  '  abyss  :  '  '  Any  one  who 
has  visited  the  Yosemite  Valley,  and  stood  at  the  base  of  El  Capi- 
tan,  can  perfectly  understand  the  transfer  of  meaning  in  the  case  of 
n<es.  Imagine  that  the  opposite  walls  of  the  valley  have  been  rent 
apart  by  a  convulsion  of  nature.  We  have  a  level  floor,  and  a  sheer 
ascent  on  each  side.  That  which  is  just  under  this  level  floor  is  at 
the  same  time  under  the  precipitous  headland  and  under  the  deep 
chasm,  and,  looking  from  above,  it  does  not  much  matter  which 
we  call  it,  only  that  if  we  chanced  to  be  speaking  of  gnomes  disport- 
ing below  the  surface  of  the  valley,  as  in  Undine,  we  should  be 


24 

quite  as  likely,  I  conceive,  to  think  of  the  abysmal  as  of  the  pro- 
montorial  aspect.  And  so  I  apprehend  that  we  must  interpret  the 
neolum  ntesse  of  the  Elene,  at  least,  without  much  reference  to  the 
primary  conception  of  "headland."  Netrwol  may  have  been  asso- 
ciated with  darkness  through  the  idea  of  the  under-world,  Hades.' 

117*.  hopian.  Foster  says  (Judith,  p.  88)  :  'In  the  whole 
Beowulf,  in  the  Caedmonian  poems  as  in  the  Cynewulfian,  this  word 
is  unknown,  the  conception  "  hope  "  being  expressed  by  hycgan  or 
ivenan.  ...  In  the  whole  range  of  Old  English  poetry,  it  is  only 
found  in  Judith  and  in  the  Metro  7M. '  He  therefore  concludes 
that  this  word  '  would  further  justify  us  in  placing  Judith  at  the 
end  of  the  ninth  or  at  the  beginning  of  the  following  century," 
referring  to  Dietrich's  article  in  the  Zs.  fur  Deutsches  Altenhum  9. 
ai6. 

122*.  gefbhten.  Notice  the  force  of  the  prefix  =  attain  by 
the  active  of  the  simple  verb. 

I26b.   swa.    Thus  used  in  130'. 

134*.  The  second  hie  of  the  Ms.  is  evidently  superfluous. 

136-137.  Thus  the  seafarers  in  Bevwulf  behold  from  afar  the 
gleaming  cliffs  (Scow.  221—222). 

149.  Metrical  law  requires  that,  of  three  alliterative  syllables, 
two  shall  be  in  the  first  hemistich  ;  hence  the  transposition. 

150*.  forlaetan.    The  infinitive  is  required  by  the  sense. 

158*.  )>ara  IseSSa.  The  efforts  of  the  commentators  have 
been  directed  to  finding  a  noun  on  which  laSSa  might  depend. 
Zupitza's  conjecture  is  as  ingenious  as  any,  but  no  one  of  them  can 
be  called  convincing.  Meanwhile,  pa  ra  la:SSa  is  metrically  sound, 
and  perhaps,  by  a  little  forcing,  we  can  read  some  such  sense  as 
bit  or  lean  out  of  f/r,  as  implicit  in  it. 

167*.  medobyrig.    A  Germanic,  not  a  Jewish  city. 

l8l*.   maest.   To  be  construed  both  with  monna  and  morSra. 

194*.  fyllan.    In  the  sense  of  the  gerund,  tifyllanne. 

195s.  frumgaras.  The  word  is  apparently  a  translation  of 
Lat.  primtpilus. 

2OI*.  [sigejfufas.  From  the  Latin  tufa ;  the  correspondence 
is  noted  by  Bede,  Eccl.  Hist.  2. 1 6.  Some  alliterative  syllable  is  re- 
quired in  the  second  hemistich,  and  sige-  was  suggested  on  the  analogy 
of  such  words  as  sigebcacen^  sigebeam,  sigebyme,  sige<w<eptny  etc. 

2O4b-2O5*.    For  the  onomatopoetk  effect  cf.  aj  fF. 


25 

2ig\  guSfanum.    Cf.  the  Modern  English  gonfalon. 

22O1.   fyrdwicum.    For  the  plural  cf.  Lat.  castra. 

228*.  wrehton.  Grein's  ehton  is  perhaps  an  improvement 
upon  this  as  regards  sense,  but  the  change  is  rather  violent. 

229*.  medowerige.  The  middle  vowel  /  has  here  been  re- 
tained, because  its  omission  would  not  improve  the  metre.  So  also 
in  245.  (Cf.  Sievers,  PBB.  10,  461.) 

243*.  'wrehton.  Not  merely  'wake,'  but  'rouse  up'  ;  in 
Dan.  577  we  have  the  phrase  <wece&  and  tvreceS  with  '  rain  ' 
(regna  scur)  as  the  subject,  and  '  Nebuchadnezzar"  as  the  object. 
There  seems  no  sufficient  ground  to  question  the  reading. 

249*.  werigferhSe.  The  Ms.  has  only  ferhSe.  In  297 
iverigferhSe  occurs.  The  alliteration  in  TO  :  hiu  is  already  estab-' 
lished  for  the  line,  and  is  paralleled  by  314,  r;hr:r. 

25 Ib.   hilde.    Leo's  emendation  is  self-evident. 

263b.  hae[s]te.  There  is  no  adverb  A<efte,  and  the  inst.  sing, 
of  the  noun  hteft  is  unexampled  in  the  poetry,  and  would  in  any 
case  have  no  meaning  here. 

266*.  daegweorce.  dtege-  is  not  a  combining  form,  and  there 
is  no  possibility  of  construing  the  two  words  if  they  are  separated. 

272*.  J>a  wses  hyra  tires  aet  ende.   An  apparent  confu- 
sion of  two  constructions:    (a)/>5  ivtfs  hyra  fir  at  ende ;    (b) 
[>a  wtts  hyra  fires  ende  ;  but  cf.  Doomsday  zb-3*. 
Feores  \i(&  aet  ende 
anra  gehwylcum. 

273b.  As  Foster  notes  (judhk,  p.  14),  Rieger's  transposition 
'  gives  a  half-line  of  a  form  seldom,  if  ever,  found.' 

274.  winedryhten.  ivina-  is  impossible  ;  ivintdryhttn  is 
found  in  Beowulf,  and  elsewhere. 

275*.  to  Sam.    To  that  extent ;  so. 

287*.  [nu].  Some  word  is  required  for  metrical  reasons,  as 
without  it  the  hemistich  has  only  one  foot.  Kluge  also  adopts  the 
nu,  but  inserts  it  later.  Rieger's  mid  niSa  bearnum  is  weak.  Foster 
objects  (Judith,  p.  47)  that  nu  is  here  made  a  chief-stressed  and 
alliterative  word,  comparing  lines  92  and  1 86.  Heath's  emendation 
satisfies  metrical  requirements,  but  riiS  seems  not  otherwise  to  be 
used  with  such  an  adjective.  With  niS  =  '  man  '  nothing  can 
be  done.  The  line  seems  to  be  desperately  corrupt,  and  our  reading 
is  only  a  makeshift. 


26 

288".  Ettmiiller's  emendation  is  extremely  plausible.  It  must  be 
noted  that  losian  is  rather  '  escape  (from  )'  than  '  lose.' 

298.  The  emendation  is  supported  by  42,  in  conjunction  with 
laSra,  which  implies  the  gen.  plur.  Lind  would  be  metrically 
unacceptable,  and,  if  we  read  lindet  there  would  be  no  reason  for 
fleeing  the  shields. 

305*.  SCildburh.  The  best  notion  of  this  is  derived  from  the 
accounts  of  Caesar's  combat  with  Ariovistus.  Thus  Caesar  himself 
says  (Bel/.  Gall.  1.52) :  '  The  Germans,  according  to  their  custom, 
rapidly  forming  a  phalanx,  sustained  the  attack  of  our  swords.  There 
were  found  very  many  of  our  soldiers  who  leaped  upon  the  phalanx, 
and  with  their  hands  tore  away  the  shields,  and  wounded  the 
enemy  from  above.'  Floras  has  (3.10):  '  The  ardor  of  the  Ro- 
man soldiers  in  the  battle  cannot  be  better  shown  than  by  the  cir- 
cumstance that  when  the  barbarians,  having  raised  their  shields 
above  their  heads,  protected  themselves  with  a  testudo,  the  Romans 
leaped  upon  their  very  bucklers,  and  then  came  down  upon  their 
throats  with  their  swords.'  But  the  fullest  account  is  that  of  Dio 
Cassius  (38.  49,  50),  which  is  classic  for  this  formation  among  the 
Germans  (I  quote  the  translation  kindly  made  for  me  by  Dr.  Charles 
G.  Osgood  )  :  'In  this  manner  they  [the  Germans}  got  the  worst 
of  it ;  yet  they  did  not  flee  —  not  that  they  were  unwilling,  but  rather 
that  they  were  unable,  both  from  distraction  and  from  faintness. 
Thus,  gathering  together  in  groups  of  three  hundred,  more  or  less, 
they  thrust  forward  their  shields  on  every  side  of  them,  and  standing 
erect,  made  themselves  both  inaccessible  by  their  cJose  formation, 
and  hardly  movable  by  their  dense  crowding  ;  and  thus  they  neither 
wrought  nor  suffered  any  harm.  Accordingly  the  Romans,  since 
the  barbarians  began  neither  to  advance  upon  them  nor  to  flee, 
but,  remaining  stationary,  stood  like  towers ;  and  since,  too,  the 
Romans  having  thrown  away  their  spears  at  the  first  attack  as  be- 
ing useless,  they  could  now  neither  wage  a  hand-to-hand  fight  with 
their  swords  nor  come  at  the  enemies  heads,  where  alone  they  were 
vulnerable,  since  they  fight  bareheaded  —  [under  these  conditions] 
they  tore  off  the  shields,  and,  falling  upon  the  enemy,  some  with  a 
running  start,  others  from  near  by,  they  leaped  up  as  best  they  could 
and  slashed  them,  and  thus  in  an  instant  many  fell  at  a  single  blow, 
and  many  even  died  before  they  could  fall  j  for,  by  reason  of  their 
close  formation,  even  though  aead  they  were  held  on  their  feet.' 


27 

312.  "Wfdtctl.  Cosijn's  emendation,  ivtelstel,  for  io<elsteal(l), 
is  regarded  by  him  as  a  synonym  for  •wttlitv-w,  '  battle-field,'  a  word 
used  in  Beowulf  and  elsewhere. 

330*.  The  gen.  plur.  seems  to  require  a  governing  noun  ;  but 
cf.  Para  la SSat  158. 


from  tlje  Bulpte  3fluDitti 

9.  14.  Da  mihi  In  animo  constandam,  ut  contemnam  ilium  ;  et 
virtutem,  ut  evertam  ilium. 

9.  17.   Deus  caelorum,  Creator  aquamm,  et  Dominus  totius  crea- 

turae,  exaudi  me  miseram  deprecantem,  et  de  tua  misericordla 
praesumentem. 

10.  1 6.   Hoc  a u tern  scias,  quoniam  cum  steteris  in  conspectu  ejus, 
bene  tibi  faciet,  et  eris  gratissima  in  corde  ejus.    Duxeruntque 
illam  ad  tabernaculum  Hulofernis,  annuntiantes  earn. 

10.  19,  2O.  Videns  itaque  Judith  Holofernem  sedentem  in  con- 
opoeo,  quod  erat  ex  purpura,  et  auro,  et  smaragdo,  et  lapididus 
pretiosis  intextum  ;  et  cum  in  faciem  ejus  intendisset,  adoravit 
cum,  prosternens  se  super  terram.  Et  elevaverunt  earn  servi 
Holofernis,  jubente  domino  suo. 

12-  IO.  Et  factum  est,  in  quarto  die  Holofernes  fecit  coenam 
servis  suis,  et  dixit  ad  Vagao  eunuchum  suum  :  Vade,  et  suade 
Hebraeam  illam  ut  sponte  consentiat  habitare  mecum. 

12.  l6.  Cor  autem  Holofernis  concussum  est ;  erat  enim  ardens  in 
concupiscentia  ejus. 

12.  20.   Et  jucundus  factus  est  Holofernes  ad  earn,  bibhque  vinum 
multum  nimis,  quantum  numquam  biberat  in  vita  sua. 

13.  I-1 9.    I .  Ut  autem  sero  factum  est,  festinaverunt  servi  illius  ad 
hospitia  sua,  et  conclude  Vagao  ostia  cubiculi,  et  abiit ;  erant 
autem  omnes  fatigati  a  vino.    Eratque  Judith  sola  in  cubiculo  ; 
porro  Holofernes  jacebat  in  lecto,  nimia  ebrietate  sopitus.  .  .  . 
Stetitque  Judith  ante  lectum,  orans  cum  lacrymis,  et  labiorum 
motu  in  silentio,  dicens  :  Confirma  me,  Domine  Deus  Israel, 
et  respice  in  hac  hora  ad  opera  manuum  mearum  .   .   .  ;  et 
hoc,  quod  credens  per  te  posse  fieri  cogitavi,  perficiam.   .   .   . 
Pugionem  ejus,  qui  in  ea  ligatus  pendebat,  exsolvit.    Cumque 
evaginasset  ilium,  apprehendit  comam  capitis  ejus,  et  ait :  Con- 
firma me,  Domine  Deus,  in  hac  hora.    Et  percussit  bis  in  cer- 
vicem  ejus,  et  abscidit  caput  ejus,  et  abstulit  conopoeum  ejus  a 
columnis,  et  evolvit  corpus  ejus  truncum.     Et  post  pusilluin 


32        ipastfages?  from  tlje  Bulgate 


exivit,  et  tradidit  caput  Holofernis  ancillae  suae,  et  jussit  ut 
mitteret  illud  in  peram  suam.  Et  exierunt  duae,  .  .  .  et 
transierunt  castra,  et,  gyrantes  vallem,  veneruntad  portam  civi- 
tatis.  Et  dixit  Judith  a  longe  custodibus  murorum  :  Aperite 
portas,  quoniam  nobiscum  est  Deus,  qui  fecit  virtutem  in  Israel. 
Et  factum  est,  cum  audissent  viri  vocem  ejus,  vocaverunt 
presbyteros  civitatis.  Et  concurrerunt  ad  earn  omnes,  a  mi- 
nimo  usque  ad  maximum.  .  .  .  Dixit  Judith  :  Laudate  Domi- 
num  Deum  nostrum,  qui  non  deseruit  sperantes  in  se  ;  .  .  . 
et  interfecit  in  manu  mea  hostem  populi  sui  hac  nocte.  Et 
proferens  de  pera  caput  Holofernis,  ostendit  illis,  dicens  :  Ecce 
caput  Holofernis  principis  militiae  Assyriorum,  .  .  .  ubi  per 
manum  feminae  percussit  ilium  Dominus  Deus  noster. 

14.  I,  2.  Dixit  autem  Judith  ad  omnem  populum  :  Audite  me, 
fratres.  .  .  .  Et  erit,  cum  exierit  sol,  accipiat  unusquisque  arma 
sua,  etexite  cum  impetu,  non  ut  descendatis  deorsum,  sed  quasi 
impetum  facientes. 

14.  4,  5-  Cumque  duces  eorum  cucurrerint  ad  tabernaculum  Holo- 
fernis, et  invenerint  eum  truncum  in  suo  sanguine  volutatum, 
decidet  super  eos  timor.  Cumque  cognoveritis  fugere  eos,  ite 
post  illos  securi,  quoniam  Dominus  conteret  eos  sub  pedibus 
vestris. 

14.  7-15.  8.  Mox  autem,  ut  ortus  est  dies,  .  .  .  accepitque 
unusquisque  vir  arma  sua,  et  egressi  sunt  cum  grand!  strepitu  et 
ululatu.  Quod  videntes  exploratores,  ad  tabernaculum  Holo- 
fernis cucurrerunt.  Porro  hi,  qui  in  tabernaculo  erant,  veni- 
entes,  et  ante  ingressum  cubiculi  perstrepentes,  excitandi  gratia, 
inquietudinem  arte  moliebantur,  ut  non  ab  excitantibus,  sed  a 
sonantibus,  Holofernes  evigilaret.  Nullus  enim  audebat  cubi- 
culum  virtutis  Assyriorum  pulsando  aut  intrando  aperire.  Sed 
cum  venissent  ejus  duces  ac  tribuni,  et  universi  majores  exerci- 
tus  regis  Assyriorum,  dixerunt  cubiculariis  :  Intrate,  et  excitate 
ilium,  quoniam  egressi  mures  de  cavernis  suis  ausi  sunt  provo- 
care  nos  ad  praelium.  Tune  ingressus  Vagao  cubiculum  ejus, 
stetit  ante  cortinam,  et  plausum  fecit  manibus  suis  ;  suspicabatur 
enim  ilium  cum  Judith  dormire.  Sed  cum  nullum  motum 
jacentis  sensu  aurium  caperet,  accessit  proximans  ad  cortinam, 
et,  elevans  earn,  vidensque  cadaver  absque  capite  Holofernis 
in  suo  sanguine  tabefactum  jacere  super  terrain,  exclamavit 


from  ttjr  Vulgate        33 


voce  magna  cum  fletu,  et  scidit  vestimenta  sua.  Et  ingressus 
tabernaculum  Judith,  non  invenit  earn,  et  exiliit  foras  ad  popu- 
lum,  et  dixit  :  Una  mulier  Hebraea  fecit  confusionem  in  do  mo 
regis  Nabuchodonosor  ;  ecce  enim  Holofernes  jacet  in  terra,  et 
caput  ejus  non  est  in  illo.  Quod  cum  audissent  principes  vir- 
tutis  Assyriorum,  sciderunt  omnes  vestimenta  sua,  et  intolera- 
bilis  timor  et  tremor  cecidit  super  eos,  et  turbati  sunt  animi 
eorum  valde.  Et  factus  est  clamor  incomparabilis  in  medio  cas- 
trorum  eorum.  Cumque  omnis  exercitus  decollatum  Holo- 
fernem  audisset,  fugit  mens  et  consilium  ab  eis,  et,  solo 
tremore  et  metu  agitati,  fiigae  praesidium  sumunt  ;  ita  ut  nullus 
loqueretur  cum  proximo  suo,  sed,  inclinato  capite,  relictis  om- 
nibus, evadere  festinabant  Hebraeos,  quos  armatos  super  8e 
venire  audiebant,  fugientes  per  vias  camporum  et  semitas  collium  . 
Videntes  itaque  filii  Israel  fugientes,  secuti  sunt  illos.  De- 
scenderuntque  clangentes  tubis,  et  ululantes  post  ipsos.  Et 
quoniam  Assyrii  non  adunati,  in  fugam  ibant  praecipites  ;  filii 
autem  Israel  uno  agmine  persequentes,  debilitabant  omnes  quos 
invenire  potuissent.  Misit  itaque  Ozias  nuntios  per  omnes 
civitates  et  regiones  Israel.  Omnis  itaque  regio  omnisque  urbs 
electam  juventutem  armatam  misit  post  eos,  et  persecuti  sunt 
eos  in  ore  gladii  quousque  pervenirent  ad  extremitatem  finium 
suorum.  Reliqui  autem,  qui  erant  in  Bethulia,  ingresst  sunt 
castra  Assyriorum,  et  praedam  quam  fugientes  Assyrii  reliquerant 
abstulerunt  ;  et  onustati  sunt  valde.  Hi  vero  qui  victores  reversi 
sunt  ad  Bethuliam  omnia  quae  erant  Ulorum  attulerunt  secum, 
ita  ut  non  esset  numerus  in  pecoribus,  et  jumentis,  et  universis 
mobilibus  eorum,  ut  a  minimo  usque  ad  maximum  omnes  di- 
vites  fierent  de  praedationibus  eorum. 

15.  13,  14.  Per  dies  autem  triginta,  vix  collecta  sunt  spolia 
Assyriorum  a  populo  Israel.  Porro  autem  universa  quac 
Holofernis  peculiaria  fuisse  probata  sunt  dederunt  Judith,  in 
auro,  et  argento,  et  vestibus,  et  gemmis,  et  omni  suppellectili  j 
et  tradita  sunt  omnia  illi  a  populo. 

1  6.  I.  Tune  cantavit  canticum  hoc  Domino  Judith,  dicens  :  .  .  . 


I.     EDITIONS. 

These  are  contained  in  :  — 

Edward  Thwaites,  Heptateuchus,  Liber  Job,  et  Evangelium  Nico- 
demi ;  Anglo-Saxonice.  Historic  Judith  Fragmentum  ;  Dano- 
Saxonice.  Oxford,  1698. 

Benjamin  Thorpe,  Analecta  Anglo-Saxonica.  London,  1834. 
(2d  ed.,  1846.) 

Heinrich  Leo,  Angelsachsische  Sprac hproben.      Halle,  1835. 

Heinrich  Leo,  Altsdchsische  und  Angelsachsische  Sprachproben. 
Halle,  1838. 

Louis  F.  Klipstein,  Analecta  Anglo-Saxonica,  Vol.  2.  New  York, 
1849. 

Ludwig  Ettmiiller,  Engla  and  Seaxna  Scopat  and  Boceras.  Qued- 
linburg  and  Leipzig,  1850. 

C.  W.  M.  Grein,  Bibliothek  der  Angelsiichsischen  Poesie,  Bd.  I. 
Gottingen,  1857.  (zd  ed.,  by  Wiilker,  Bd.  2,  1888-1894.) 

L.  G.  Nilsson,  Judith.      Copenhagen,  1858. 

Max  Rieger,  Alt-  und  Angelsac hsisc hes  Lesebuch.     Giessen,  1 86 1. 

Henry  Sweet,  An  Anglo-Saxon  Reader  in  Prose  and  Verse.  Ox- 
ford, 1876.  (zd  ed.,  18795  3^  e<^->  I^1  >  4^  e(^->  I884, 
etc. ;  7th  ed.,  1894.) 

Karl  Korner,  Einleitung  in  dai  Stadium  dei  Ange/sacAsiicAen. 
Heilbronn,  1880. 

Friedrich  Kluge,  Angelsiichsisches  Lesebuch.  Halle,  1 88 8.  (ad 
ed.,  1897;  3d  ed.,  1902.) 

.Albert  S.  Cook,  Judith  :  an  Old  English  Epic  Fragment.  Bos- 
ton, 1888.  (2d  ed.,  1889  ;  Students'  ed.,  1893.) 

Selected  portions  in  :  — 

J.  P.   E.  Greverus,  Empfehlung  des  Studium  der  Angelsachsischen 

Sprache.      Oldenburg,  1848. 

L.  G.  Nilsson,  Anglosaxisk  Lasebok.      Lund,  1871. 
Julius  Zupitza,  Altenglisches  Lesebuch.     Vienna,  1874.     (2d  ed., 

1881  ;  $th  ed.,  revised  by  J.  Schipper,  1897  ;  6th  ed.,  1902.) 


38 


2.     TRANSLATIONS. 


a)  Complete  : 

German,  in  Grein's  Dichtungen  der  Angelsachsen,  Bd.  I.    Gottin- 

gen,  1857. 

Swedish,  in  Nilsson's  edition. 
German,  in  Korner's  Einleitung  (above). 
English,   in  Morley's    English    Writers,    Vol.    2.      London   and 

New  York,  1888.     (Reprinted  in  Cook  and  Tinker's  Select 

Translations  from  Old  English  Poetry.      Boston,  1902.) 
English,  in  Garnett's  Elene,  etc.    Boston,  1889.     (2d  ed.,  1900.) 
English,  in  Hall's  Judith,  Phoenix,  and  other  Anglo-Saxon  Poems. 

Boston,  [1902]. 

b)  Partial: 

English,  in  Turner's  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons  (3ded.),  Vol.  3. 

London,  1820.      (ist  ed.,  1799-1805.) 
German,  in  Greverus'  Empfehlung  (above). 
Swedish,  in  Nilsson's  Anglosaxisk  Lasebok  (above). 
Danish,  in  Hammerich's  De  episkkristelige  Oldkvad.    Copenhagen, 

1873. 
German,  in  Michelsen's  translation  of  Hammerich,  under  the  title  : 

Aelteste  Christliche  Epik  der  Angelsachsen,  Deutschen,  und  Nord- 

lander.    Giitersloh,  1874. 
English  (11.  1—121),  by  Emily  H.  Hickey,  in  London  Journal  of 

Education  for  Feb.  1st,  1889. 
English   (11.    1-121)  by  Oliver  Elton,  in  An  English  Miscellany. 

Oxford,  1901. 

3.     MANUSCRIPT,    COLLATIONS,    AND    TEXTUAL 
CRITICISM. 

H.  Wanley,  Catalogus,  p.  219,  in  Hickes*  Thesaurus,  Vol.  2. 
C.  W.  M.  Grein,  in  Germania  10.  419. 

Eduard  Sievers,  in  Zeitschriftfiir  Deutsches  Alterthum  15.  461-462. 
P.  J.  Cosijn,  in  Tijdschrift  -voor  Nederl.  Taal-  en  Letterkunde  1.  149 
(proposes  loaehul,  •wtelsteal(l)  for  lutshcel  in  1.  313). 


39 

E.  Koeppel,  in  Archi-v  fur  das  Studium  der  Ncucren  Sprachen  und 
Litteraturen  90.   140  (emendation  of  1.  62). 

4.     METRE    AND    RIME. 

Friedrich  Kluge,  Zur  Geschichte  des  Reimes  im  Altgermanischen,  in 

Paul  und  Braune's  Beitrage  9.  444—449. 
Karl    Luick,    Ueber   den    Versbau    des   Angelsdchsischen  Gedichtet 

Judith,  in  Beitrage  II.  470—492. 
Eduard  Sievers,  Der  Angelsdchsische  ScAivell-vers,  in  Beitrage  I  a. 

454-482. 


5.    AUTHOR,    DATE,    GRAMMAR,    AND    STYLE. 

G.    Stephens,     The    Old-Northern    Runic    Monuments,    Vol.    2. 
London  and  Copenhagen,  1866—1868. 

F.  Hammerich,  Aelteste  Christliche  Epik  (see  2,  above). 

G.  Vigfusson  and  F.  York  Powell,  Corpus  Poeticum  Borea/e,  Vol.  I. 
Oxford,  1883. 

E.  Groth,    Composition    und  Alter    der    Altenglischen    Exodus. 
Gottingen,  1883. 

F.  Kluge  (see  4,  above). 
Karl  Luick  (see  4,  above). 

Albert  S.  Cook,  Notes  on  a  Northumbriani-zed  Persian  of  Judith, 

in    Transactions  of  the    American    Philological   Association    20 

(1889).  17^-174- 
J.    G.    Foster,   Judith  :  Studies  in  Metre,  Language,  and  Style. 

Strassburg,  1892. 
Max  Neumann,  Ueber  das  Altenglische  Gedicht  von  Judith.   Kiel, 

1892. 
August    Mu'ller,    Syntax    des    Verbums   in    dem    Angel  sac  hsisc  hen 

Gedichte  '  Judith.'      Leipzig,  1892. 
F.    Brincker,    Gtrmanische  Alterthiimer    in  dem  Angchdchsischen 

Gedichte  '  Judith.'     Hamburg,  1898. 
M.  Trautmann,  Kyneivulf,  der  Bischofund Dichter  (pp.  35,  120). 

Bonn,  1898. 


40  HBtbliograplji? 


6.     DESCRIPTIVE    AND    BIBLIOGRAPHICAL. 

R.  P.  Wiilker,  Grundrhs  xur  Geschichte  der  Angchachshchtn  Lit' 
teratur  (pp.  140-143,  512-514).  Leipzig,  1885. 

Gustav  Korting,  Grundriss  der  GeicAicAte  der  Englischen  Littera' 
turt  jd  ed.  Miinster,  1899. 


[The  order  of  words  is  strictly  alphabetical,  ae  coming  between  ad  and  af, 
but  initial  8  following  t.  Roman  numerals  indicate  the  class  of  ablaut  verbs  ; 
wi.,  etc.,  that  of  the  weak  verbs  ;  rd.,  the  reduplicating  ;  prp.,  the  preteri- 
tive  present  verbs  ;  anv.,  the  anomalous  verbs.  The  double  dagger,  J,  is 
used  to  designate  words  not  elsewhere  found  in  the  poetry,  according  to  Grein. 
When  the  designations  of  mood  and  tense  are  omitted,  '  ind.  pres.'  is  to  be 
understood,  unless  some  other  designation  has  just  preceded ;  when  of  mood 
only,  supply  '  ind.  *  if  no  other  has  preceded,  otherwise  the  latter.  J 


A. 

a,  adv.,  every  always,  7, [346]  ; 

see  awa. 
abregdan,  HI.,  draw,  pret.  3d 

sing,  abntd,  79. 
ac,  conj.,  but,   60,   119,   183; 

and(?},  209. 
acweSan,  v.,  speak,   pret.    3d 

sing.  acwaeS,  82,  151,  283. 
aedre,  adv.,  forthwith,  64,  95, 

246. 

aefre,  adv.,  ever,  114. 
aefter,  prep.  w.  dat.,  after,  117; 

along,  1 8. 

aefter,  adv.,  towards,  65. 
aefo^nca,  m.,  grudge,  ap.   aef- 

ftoncan,  265. 


aeghwylc,    pron.,    each,    asm. 

aeghwylcne,    50  j   dsm.    agh- 

wylcum,  1 6 6. 
Jaelfscine,  adj.,  beautiful  as  an 

elf,  nsf.  aelfsclnu,  14. 
aelmihtig,  adj.,  almighty,  nsm. 

301;  dsm.  wk.  aelmiht(i)gan, 

_  7,  346- 

aenig,  pron.,  any,  nsm.  330. 

air,  adv.,  before,  previously,  65, 
143,  214. 

aer,  conj.,  ere,  before,  76. 

ae"rSonSe,  conj.,  before,  252. 

aerest,  adv.,  first,  14. 

Jasscplega,  m.,  ash-play,  spear- 
play,  ds.  sescplegan,  217. 

aescrof,  adj.,  brave,  npm.  aesc- 
rofe,  337. 


44 


set,  prep.  w.  dat.,  in,  123,  175, 

197,  217,289;  ^,272,  346; 
from,  3. 

aet,  n.,  food,  prey,  gs.  aetes,  210. 
setsqmne,  adv.,  together,  255. 
aetywan,  wi.,  display,  inf.  174. 
seSele,    adj.,   noble,    nsf.     176, 

256. 

afor,  adj.,^fmr,  nsm.  257. 
agan,  prp.,  own,  have,  2d  plur. 

agon,    196  ;    pret.    3d    sing. 

ante,    3,    6,   340,  345;   with 

negative  prefix :  pret.  i  st  sing. 

nahte,  91. 
ageotan,   u.,   drain,    deprive, 

infl.  pp.  agotene,  32. 
agifan,  v.,  give,  place,  bestow, 

pret.  3d  sing,  ageaf,  130;  3d 

plur.  ageafon,  342. 
ahon,rd.,  hang,  pp.  ahongen,  48. 
aldor,  see  ealdor,  n. 
al^cgan,  wi.,  lay  down,  pret. 

3d  sing,  alede,  101. 
alwalda,  m.,  ruler  of  all,  gs.  al- 

waldan,  84. 
an,  num.,   one,  a    single,  gsm. 

anes,  325  ;  dsf.  anre,  64 ;  gp. 

anra,  95. 
anbyhtscealc,  m., retainer,  np. 

anbyhtscealcas,  38. 
and  (qnd?),  conj.,  and. 
aninga,  adv. ,  forthwith,  250. 
areta.n,vf i., gladden, pp.  areted, 

167. 


arfaest,  adj.,  glorious,  nsm.  190. 
Jarod,     adj.,    forward,    bold, 

nsm.  275. 
as^cgan,  W3-,  say,   relate,  inf. 

331- 
Assiria,  pr.  n.,  Assyrians,  gp. 

Assiria,    232,    310,   Assyria, 

265  ;  dp.  Assyrium,  218. 
asw^bban,  wi.,  put  to  sleep, 

infl.  pp.  aswefede,  322. 
atol,  adj.,  terrible,  asm.  atolne, 

246  ;  asm.  wk.  atolan,  75. 
awa,  adv.,  ever,  always,  120  : 

see  a. 
a.vr$cca.n,-wi.,awake,  inf.  258, 

274. 

B. 

baelc,  m.,  pride,  ns.  267. 
baldor,  m.,  prince,  king,  ns.  9, 

32,  49.  339- 

be,  prep.  w.  dat.,  by,  81,  99. 
beadorinc,  m.,   warrior,    gp. 

beadorinca,  276. 
beadu,  f.,  battle,  war,  ds.  bead- 

uwe,  175,  beadowe,  213. 
Jbeseftan,  adv.,  behind,  iiz. 
beag,   m.,    ring,    bracelet,   gp. 

beaga,  341  ;  dp.  beagum,  36. 
beahhroden,  adj.  (pp.),  adorned 

with  rings,  npm.   beahhrod- 

ene,  138. 
beald,  adj.,  bold,  npm.  bealde, 


45 


bealofull,  adj.,  baleful,  wicked, 
nsm.  63;  nsm.  wk.  bealoful- 
la,  48  ;  gsm.  wk.  bealofullan, 
248  ;  asm.  bealofullan,  100. 

bearhtme,  adv.,  instantly,  39. 

beam,  n.,  child,  son,  as.  84  ; 
np.  24 ;  gp.  bearna,  5 1  ;  dp. 
bearnum,  33. 

bebeodan,  n.,  w.  dat.,  com- 
mand, pret.  3d  sing,  bebead, 
38,  144. 

becuman,  iv.,  arrive,  pret.  3d 
sing,  becom,  311;  pass,  pret. 
3d  plur.  becomon,  134. 

b?d,  n.,  bed,  gs.  beddes,  63  ; 
ds.  bedde,  72,  278  ;  as.  bed, 
48. 

be/lr^st,  f.,  bed,  ds.  bedreste, 
36. 

begen,  num.,  both,  npm.  begen, 
207  ;  npf.  ba,  133  ;  gp.  be- 
gea,  128. 

+beheafdian,  w2.,  behead,  pp. 
beheafdod,  290. 

JbehS,  f.,  sign,  proof,  ds.  beh-Se, 
174. 

belTSan,  i.,  f.,  deprive  of,  infl. 
pp.  belidenne,  280. 

benaeman,  wi.,  w.  instr.,  de- 
prive of,  inf.  76. 

b^nc,  f.,  bench,  dp.  bencum,  18. 

b^ncsittend,  m.,    bench-sitter, 

guest,  ap.  bencsittende,  27. 
beorht,    adj.,    fair,    nsf.    wk. 


beorhte,  254  ;  dsf.  wk.  beorht- 

an,  327,  341 ;  asf.  wk.  beorht- 

an>  58  >  &P-  beorhtra,  341. 
beorn,  m.,  man,  hero,  np.  beorn- 

as,    213,    267;    gp.    beorna, 

254. 
beran,   iv.,  bear,   carry,   pret. 

3d   plur.    bseron,    201  ;   imp. 

plur.  bera^S,    191  ;    infl.   inf. 

to  berenne,  131;  pp.  boren, 

18. 

besmitan,  i.,  pollute,  inf.  59. 
beSfccan,  wi.,  cover,  protect, 

infl.  pp.  befteahte,  213. 
Bethulia,  pr.  n.,as.  Bethuliam, 

138,  327. 

bewindan,    HI.,    beivind,    en- 
compass,   surround,    pp.    be- 

wunden,   115. 
bidan,  i.,  await,    infl.  pp.  ge- 

bidenne,  64. 
biddan,    v.,    request,   implore, 

inf.  84,  187. 
bindan,  HI.,  bind,  pp.  gebund- 

en,  115. 
Jbinnan,  prep.  w.  dat.,  within, 

64. 
blac,   adj.,  pale,  asm.  blacne, 

278. 
blachleor,    adj.,   fair-cheeked, 

fair,  nsf.  128. 
blasd,   m.,  life,  glory,  as.   63, 

122. 

blican,  i.,  glitter,  inf.  137. 


bliSe,  adj.,  joyous,    nsm.    58  ; 

npm.,    159  ;   gracious,    nsm. 

154. 
blodig,  adj.,  bloody,  asn.    126, 

174. 
blgndan,  rd.,  mix,  infect,  pp. 

geblonden,  34. 
bodian,  W2.,    announce,    pret. 

3d  plur.  bodedon,  244  ;   inf. 

251. 
Jbolla,  m.,  bowl,   np.  bollan, 

17- 
bord,  n.,  shield,   dp.   bordum, 

213  ;  ap.  192,  318. 
brad,  adj.,  broad,  apn.  318. 
bregdan,  in.,  draw,  pret.    3d 

plur.  brugdon,  229. 
brego,  m. ,  prince,  ns.  39,  254. 
breme,  adj.,  famous,  nsm.  wk. 

brema,  57. 
breost,  n.,  breast,  dp.  breostum, 

192. 
bringan,  wi.,  bring,  pret.  3d 

plur.  brohton,  336. 
broga,  m.,  peril,  gs.  brogan,  4. 
brun,  adj.,  brown,  apm.  brune, 

318. 
brytta,  m., divider,  distributor, 

ns.  30,  93  ;  as.  bryttan,  90. 
bune,  f.,  cup,  np.  bunan,  18. 
burg,  f.,  city,  fortress,  gs.  byrig, 

137  ;    ds.    byrig,    149,    203, 

327  ;  gp.  burga,  58. 
Jburgeteld,  n.,  pavilion,  gs. 


burgeteldes,  248  ;  ds.  burge- 

telde,  57  ;  as.  276. 
burgleode,   mpl.,  citizens,  gp. 

burgleoda,  187;  dp.  burhleod- 

um,  175. 
burhsittend,  m.,  citizens,  np. 

burhsittende,  159. 
butan,  prep.  w.  dat. ,   without, 

1 20. 
byldan,    wi.,  excite,  infl.   pp. 

gebylde,  268. 
byrne,  f.,  hauberk,  corselet,  ap. 

byrnan,  323,  338. 
Ibyrnh^in,  m.,  hauberk,  corse- 
let, ap.  byrnhomas,  192. 
byrnwig'a,   m.,   warrior,   gp. 

byrnwigena,   39. 
byrnwiggend,    m.,    'warrior, 

np.  byrnwiggende,  17. 
bysmerlice,    adv. ,   shamefully, 

100. 

c. 

camp,  m.,  fight,  ds.  campe,  200. 
cene,  adj.,  valiant,  npm.  333  ; 

gp.  cenra,  200. 
cirman,  wi.,  shriek,  inf.  270. 
cirran,  wi.,  turn  back,  pret.  3d 

plur.  cirdon,   312. 
cneoris,    f.,   tribe,  nation,  ns. 

324. 
Jcohhettan,    wi.,    lament^), 

wail(f),  inf.  (cohhetan)  270. 
collenferhS,     adj.,    inspirited, 


bold,    elated,     npf.      collen- 

fertrSe,  134. 
Jcgmpwig,     n.,     combat,     ds. 

compwige,  333. 
cuman,  iv.,  come,  pret.  3d  sing. 

com/ 50;  3dplur.  comon,  n; 

pp.  cumen,  146,  168. 
cumbol,  n.,  banner,  standard, 

dp.  cumblum,  333. 
Jcumbolwiga,    m.,     'warrior, 

as.    cumbolwigan,    259  ;   ap. 

cumbolwigan,  243. 
cwic,  adj.,  living,  gp.  cwicera, 

235,  312,  324. 
cyn,  n.,  race,  nation,  people,  gs. 

cynnes,  52,  311  ;  ds.  cynne, 

226  $  gp.  cynna,  324. 
cynerof,    adj.,     brave,    noble, 

npm.  cynerofe,  200,  312. 
cyning,  m.,  king,  ns.  190  5  gp. 

^cyninga,   155. 
cySan,  wi.,  announce,  publish, 

blazon,    inf.    56,    243  ;    pp. 

gecy-Sed,  155. 
cyS5(u),   f.,   native   land,    ds. 

cytHSe,  312. 

D. 

daeg,  m.,  day,  as.  28. 
daegred,  n.,  da<wn,  as.  204. 
daegweorc,  n.,  day's  work,  con- 
flict, ds.  daeg(e)weorce,  266. 
dsel,  m.,  part,  ns.  293,  309. 
dead,  adj.,  dead,  nsm.  107. 


47 


deaS,  m.,  death,  ds.  dea'Se,  196; 

is.  dea^e,  31. 
dema,  m.,  judge,  ns.  59,   945 

gs.  deman,  4. 
detnan,  wi.,  doom,condemn,  pp. 

gedemed,  196. 
Jdeofolcund,  3.&}.,de<vilish,dia~ 

bolical,  nsm.wk.  deofolcunda, 

61. 

dogor,  n.,  day,  is.  dogor(e),  12. 
jdolhwund,     adj.,     wounded, 

nsm.  107. 
dom,  m.,  reputation,  glory,  ns. 

266  ;    as.     196  ;    is.    dome, 

300. 

domlice,  adv.,  gloriously,  319. 
don,  anv.,  do,    pres.    3d  sing. 

de«,  95. 
dream,  sm.,  joy,  ap.   dreamas, 

350. 
drefan,  wi.,  perturb,  afflict,  pp. 

gedrefed,  88. 
dr^ncan,  wi.,  drench,  deluge, 

pret.  3d  sing,  drencte,  29. 
dreogan,    n.,    suffer,    endure, 

pret.  2d  plur.  drugon,  158. 
druncen,  adj.    (pp.),   drunken, 

nsm.  67,  107. 
dryhten,  sm.,  Lord  (God),  ns. 

61,  92,  198,  300  ;  ds.  dryht- 

ne,  343,  347;  lord,  king,  ns. 

21. 

dryhtguma,  sm.,  retainer,  vat- 
sal,  ap.  dryhtguman,  29. 


48 


duguS,    sf.,    nobility,    host,  as. 

dugufte,  31  ;  gp.  dugefta,  61. 
durran,    prp.,   dare,    pret.    3d 

sing,  dorste,  258. 
dynian,   W2.,   vociferate,  pret. 

3d  sing,   dynede,  23  ;  clash, 

3d  plur.  dynedan,  204. 
dyre,  adj.,  precious,   valuable, 

apm.  319. 
Jdyrsian,  W2.,  exalt,  magnify, 

celebrate,  pp.  gedyrsod,  300. 

E. 
§ac,  adv.,  also,  18,  296,   338, 

344,  349- 
Sad,  n.,  prosperity,  success,  gs. 

eades,  273. 
eadhreSig,    adj.,    triumphant, 

npf.  eadhreS(i)ge,  135. 
eaaig,   adj.,    blessed,    asf.    wk. 

ead(i)gan,  35. 
eald,  adj.,  old,  npm.  ealde,  1665 

apm.     ealde,     265  ;     superl. 

yldesta  :  dpm.  yldestan,  242; 

apm.  yldestan,   10. 
ealdfeond,  m.,  ancient  foe,  dp. 

ealdfeondum,  316. 
ealdgeniSla,  m.,  ancient  enemy, 

ap.  ealdgenrSlan,  228. 
Jealdhe_ttend,  m.,  ancient  ene- 
mies, ap.  ealdhettende,  321. 
ealdor,  m.,  prince,  sovereign, 

ns.  38,  58,  88,  124. 


ealdor,  n.,  life,  age,  ds,  tiar^, 
120,  348;  as.  185;  is.  ealdre, 
76. 

ealdorduguS,  f.,  nobility,  lead- 
ers, gs.  ealdordugufte,  310. 

ealdorSegn,  m.,  chief  vassal 
or  thane,  dp.  ealdorSegnum, 
242. 

eal(l),  adj.,  all,  nsf.  call,  3245 
gsn.  ealles,  342;  dsn.  eallum, 
176;  asm.  ealne,  28;  asf. 
ealle,  31,  237  ;  asn.  eal,  332, 
339  j  npm.  ealle,  16,  253, 
269  ;  gp.  ealra,  81  j  dp.  eal- 
lum, 8,  217  ;  apm.  ealle,  10. 

ealles,  adv.,  quite,  entirely,  108. 

eallgylden,  adj.,  all-golden, 
nsn.  46. 

earn,  m.,  eagle,  ns.  210. 

eastan,  adv.,  from  tke  east,  190. 

eaSe,  adv.  easily,  superl.  eaftost, 
72,  102. 

eaSmedu,  f.,  reverence,  dp. 
eaftmedum,  170. 

Ebreas,  mpl.,  Hebrews,  np. 
218  ;  gp.  Ebrea,  253,  262, 
299. 

Ebrisc,  adj.,  Hebrew,  npm. 
Ebrisce,  241,  306. 

?cg,  f-,  edge,  dp.  ecgum,  231. 

Jecgplega,  m.,  sword-play, 
battle,  as.  ecgplegan,  246. 

edwit,  n.,  abuse,  insolence,  as. 
215. 


49 


^fl,  adv.,  back,  again,  146,  169. 

^gesa,  m.,  terror,  peril,  ns. 
252. 

^gesful(l),  adj.,  dreadful,  terri- 
ble, nsm.  egesful,  21,  egesfull, 
257. 

e_glan,  wi.,  plague,  harass, 
inf.  185. 

ehtan,  wi.,  pursue,  pret.  gd 
plur.  ehton,  237. 

^llen,  n.,  courage,  is.  elne,  95. 

ejlendaed,  f.,  courageous  deed, 
gp.  ellendsda,  273. 

^llenrof,  adj.,  brave,  of  un- 
daunted courage,  nsf.  109, 
146. 

J^llenSriste,  adj.,  courageous, 
npf.  133. 

^llor,  adv.,  elsewhither,  112. 

eJSeod,  f.,  foreign  people,  gp. 
elfteoda,  237. 

^ISeodig,  adj.,  foreign,  gp.  el- 
•Seodigra,  215. 

?nde,  m.,  end,  as.  64  ;  ds.  120, 
272,  346. 

eorl,  TO.,  man,  hero,  np.  eorlas, 

*73>  3375  gP-  eorla>  2I>  *57- 
eornoste,  adv.,  sharply,  "vehe- 
mently, 108,  231. 
eorSe,    f.,    ^/zr/A,    ds.  eorSan, 

65. 

eowan,  wi.,  make  kno<wn,  re- 
veal, pret.  3d  plur.  eowdon, 
240. 


eow^er,  poss.  pron.  your,  npm 

eow(e)re,  195. 
eSel,  m. ,  native  land,  homt,  <&»• 

e^Sle,  169. 
e5elweard,  m. ,  guardian  of  hit 

country,  np.  etSelweardas,  321. 

F. 

faeder,  m.,  father,  ns.  5. 
fiege,  adj.,_/a/^,  death-doomed, 

npm.  1 9  5  dpm.  fggum,  209^ 

apm.  195. 
faeger,     adj.,  fair,    beautiful^ 

nsn.  47. 

fasgre,  adv.,  fairly,  301. 
fasrspel,    n.,   sudden   (fearful) 

tidings,  as.  244. 
faeste,  adv. ,  fi rmly,  tightly,  99. 
faesten,   n.,  fastness,   ds.   faes- 

tenne,  143. 
J fasstengeat,  n. ,  fortress-gate, 

gs.  fsestengeates,  162. 
Jfaetels,   m.,   pouch,  sack,  ds. 

fztelse,  127. 

f5g,     adj.,     gleaming,     blood- 
stained^}, dsm.  fagum,  104  ; 

dp.  fagum,  194,  264,  302. 
faran,  vi.,  go,  march,  pret.  3d 

sing,  for,  2985  3d  plur.  foron, 

202. 
feax,  n.,  hair,  ds.  feaxe,  99  ; 

as.  281. 
feohtan,   in.,  fight,   pret.    3d 


sing,     feaht,    292  ;   3d   plur. 

fuhton,  262. 
feond,  m.,foe,  enemy,  np.  fynd, 

195  ;  ap.  fynd,  320. 
feondsceaSa,    m.     enemy,    as. 

feondsceaftan,  104. 
feorran,  adv.,  from  afar,  24. 
feorSa,  adj.,  fourth,  ism.  feorS- 

an,  12. 

feran,  wi . ,  go,  proceed,  inf.  12. 
ierhSgleaw,  adj.,  keen-twitted, 

sagacious,     asf.     ferhftgleaw, 

41. 

f^tigan,  viz.,  fetch,  inf.  35. 
feSelast,  m.,  track,  course,  ap. 

feftelaste,  139. 
findan,  in.,  find,  obtain,  pret. 

3d  sing,   funde,  2,    2785  3d 

plur.  fundon,  41. 
firas,  mpl.,  men,  gp.  flra,   24, 

33- 
fla(n),    f.,    arrow,    gp.    flana, 

221. 

fleam,  m.,  flight,  as.  292. 
iieogan,  u.,  fly,  pret.  3d  sing. 

fleah,  209  j  inf.  221. 
Jfleohn^t,  n.,  fly-net,  curtain, 

ns.  47. 
fieon,   ii.,  flee,  pret.    3d  plur. 

flugon. 
fl^tsittend,  m.,  sitter  in  hall, 

dp.  flftsittendum,  19,  33. 
flor,  f.,  floor,  as.  fl5re,  in. 
folc,  n.,  folk,  people,  nation, 


ns.  162,  262,  293  ;  gs. 
folces,  12  ;  ds.  folce,  143, 
176. 

folcst^de,  m.,folkstead,  battle- 
ground, ds.  320. 

folctoga,  m.,  leader  of  the  peo- 
ple, commander,  gs.  folctog- 
an,  47  ;  ap.  folctogan,  194. 

folde,  f.,  earth,  ground,  ds. 
foldan,  281. 

folm,  f.,  hand,  is.  folme,  80  5 
ip.  folmum,  99. 

fon,  rd.,  reach  forth,  pret.  3d 
sing,  feng,  300. 

for,  prep.  w.  dat.,  before,  192. 

forbigan,  wi.,  abase,  pp.  for- 
biged,  267. 

Jforceorfan,  in.,  cut  through, 
pret.  3d  sing,  forcearf,  105. 

fordrifan,  i.,  impel,  pret.  3d 
sing,  fordraf,  277. 

foreg^nga,  m.,  attendant,  ns. 
127.^ 

foremSre,  adj.,  eminent,  signal, 
asm.  foremgrne,  122. 

forgifan,  v.,  grant,  -vouchsafe, 
imp.  sing,  forgif,  88. 

forgildan,  in.,  requite,  recom- 
pense, pp.  forgolden,  217. 

forhtlice,  adv.,  affrightedly, 
244. 

forlStan,  rd.,  let,  pret.  3d  plur. 
forleton,  170  ;  inf.  forlztan 
(Ms.  forlgton),  150. 


forleosan,  n.,  lose,  inf.  63. 

for3,  adv.,  forth,  in,  120, 
139,  202,  221. 

forSylman,  wi.,  encompass,  en- 
wrap, pp.  forSylmed,  118. 

forweorSan,  in.,  perish,  inf. 
289. 

forwyrd,  f.,  destruction,  as. 
285. 

fleet  wan,  W2.,  adorn,  bedeck, 
pp.  gefrastewod,  171,  329. 

frea,  m.,  lord,  ns.  301. 

fr^mian,  wi.,  perform,  accom- 
plish, pret.  3d  plur.  fremedon, 

37-. 
freorig,  adj.,  chill,  shivering, 

nsm.  281. 
frofor,  f.,  comfort,  joy,  gs.  frofre, 

83  ;  ds.  frofre,  297. 
frqmllce,        adv.,       promptly, 

bravely,  41,  220,  302. 
frumgar,  m.,  primipile, captain, 

chief,  ap.  frumgaras,  195. 
frymS(u),    f.,    (plur.)   creation, 

gp.  frym«a,  5,  83,  189. 
fugel,   m.,  bird,  ns.   207  ;  dp. 

fuglum,  297. 
ful,  adj.,  foul,  loathsome,  nsm. 

wk.  fula,  iii. 

full,  adj.,  full,  apm.  fulle,  19. 
fultum,  m.,  help,  aid.  as.  186, 

301. 
fyllan,  vri.,fll  up,  serve  with 

iuine,  inf.  (Ms.  fylgan),  33. 


fyllan,  vri.,fell,  slay,  inf.  194. 
fyllo,  f.,  ///,  feast,   gs.   fylle, 

209. 
fyrdwic,  n.,   (plur.)  camp,  dp. 

fyrdwlcum,  220. 
fyrngeflit,  n.,  ancient  quarrel, 

ap.  fyrngeflitu,  264. 
fyrst,   m.,  period,    space,     as. 

325. 
fysan,  wi.  reflex.,  hasten,  opt. 

pres.  2d  plur.  189. 

G. 

gaest,  m.,  spirit,  life,  ns.  83, 
112;  gs.  gzstes,  279. 

JgalferhS,  adj.,  lascivious, 
wanton,  nsm.  62. 

Jgalmod,  adj. ,  lascivious,  wan- 
ton, nsm.  wk.  galmoda,  256. 

gan,  anv.,  go,  pret.  3<i  plur. 
eodon,  15,  55,  132,  243  ; 
inf.  149. 

gangan,  rd.,  go,  inf.  [62]. 

gar,  m.,  spear,  javelin,  ap. 
garas,  224. 

gargewinn,  n.,  battle,  gs.  gar- 
gewinnes,  308. 

ge,  conj.,  and,  166. 

JgearoSqncol,  adj.,  ready- 
witted,  dsf.  gearo'Soncolre, 
342. 

gearwe,  adv.,  truly,  completely, 


gearwian,  w2.,  prepare,  pp. 
gegearewod,  199. 

geat,  n.,  gate,  as.  151. 

gebseran,  wi.,  'vociferate,  shout 
aloud,  opt.  pret.  3d  plur.  ge- 
baerdon,  27. 

gebringan,  wi.,  bring,  con- 
duct, carry,  pret.  3d  sing,  ge- 
brohte,  125 ;  3d  plur.  gebroht- 
on,  54  ;  pp.  gebroht,  57. 

gecost,  adj.,  tried,  trusty,  npn. 
gecoste,  231. 

gecunnian,  W2.,  investigate, 
inquire,  inf.  259. 

gefeallan,  rd.,  fall,  pret.  3d 
sing,  gefeol,  67,  gefeoll,  280, 
308. 

gefeoht,  n.,  battle,  ds.  gefeohte, 
189,  202. 

gefeohtan  (see  feohtan),  in., 
<uiin,  pp.  gefohten,  122. 

gefeon,  v.  w.  gen.,  rejoice,  pret. 
3d  sing,  gefeah,  205. 

gefr^mian,  wi.,  effect,  perpe- 
trate, pret.  3d  sing,  gefrem- 
ede,  6,  181. 

gefrignan,  in.,  hear,  learn, 
pret.  ist  sing,  gefraegn,  246  ; 
gefnegen,  7. 

gefriSian,  W2.,  shield,  defend, 
opt.  pret.  3d  sing.  gefri^Sode, 

5- 
«regangan   (gegan),   anv.,   go, 

ivin,  pret.  jd  plur.  geeodon, 


332;    inf.    54;    pp.   gegan, 

140,  219. 

g^gnum,  adv.,  straight,  direct- 
ly, 132. 
geheawan,  rd. ,  cut  down,  slay, 

inf.  90  j  pp.  geheawen,  289, 

295. 
gehwa,  pron.,  each  one,  as.  ge- 

hwasne,  186. 
gehwrylc,  pron.,  each,  all,  gsn, 

gehwylces,  32  j  asm.  gehwylc- 

ne,  95. 
gehyran,  wi.,  hear,  pret.   3d 

plur.  gehyrdon,  160  ;  inf.  24. 
geleafa,   m.,  belief,  faith,  ds. 

geleafan,  97;  as.  geleafan,  6, 

89,  345. 

gel5me,  adv.,  repeatedly,  18. 
gelystan,  wi.,  impers.  w.  ace. 

of  pers.   and  gen.    of  thing, 

desire,  pret.  3d  sing,  gelyste, 

3°7- 
gemang,  m.,    troop,  phalanx, 

as.  225,  gem9ng,  193,  304. 
gemyndig,  adj.,  mindful,  nsf. 

74- 

geneahhe,  adv.,  urgently,  fre- 
quently, 26. 

geniman,  iv.,  take,  lay  hold 
of,  pret.  3d  sing,  genam,  77, 
98. 

geomor,  adj.,  downcast,  de- 
spondent, nsm.  87. 

geomormod,  adj.,  depressed  in 


spirit,  sad,  dsn.  geomormod- 

nm,   144. 

geond,  prep.  w.  ace.,  through- 
out, 156. 
geong,      adj.,     young,      npm. 

geonge,  166  ;  comp.  gingra  : 

dsf.  gingran  (handmaid),  132. 
georn,  adj.,  eager,  nsm.  210. 
georne,  adv.,  eagerly,  8. 
gerenian,  W2.,  adorn,  infl.  pp. 

gerenode,  339. 
geriht,  n.,  direct  way,  ds.  ge- 

rihte,  202. 
gescyppan,  vi.,    create,    pret. 

3d  sing,  gesceop,  348. 
gesecan,  wi.,  visit,  pret.    3d 

sing,  gesohte,  14. 
geseon,  v.,  see,  inf.  136. 
gesiS,  m.,   companion,   np.   ge- 

sltfas,  20 1. 
geslean,    vi.,  smite,    infl.    pp. 

geslegene,  31. 
gesne,  adj.,   dead,  nsm.,  112; 

deprived,  asm.  279. 
gespowan,  rd.  impers.  w.  dat., 

succeed,    pret.    3d   sing,    ge- 

speow,  175. 
gestyran,  wi.  w.  dat.  of  pers. 

and  gen.    of  thing,  prevent, 

pret.  3d  sing,  gestyrde,  60. 
gesynto,  f.,  salvation,  gp.  ge- 

synta,  90. 
geSafian,  W2.,  allow,  supply, 

inf.  60. 


53 


geSgnc,  m.,  thought,  mind,  ds. 

geSonce,  13. 
geSungen,  adj.   (pp.  of  tSeon), 

accomplisned,  proficient,  129. 
geunnan,  prp.  w.  dat.  of  pers. 

and  gen.  of  thing,  grant,  imp. 

sing,  geunne,  90. 
gewealdan,  rd.  w.  gen.,  <wield, 

manage,  inf.  103. 
gewitan,  i.,   depart,    pret.    3d 

sing,    gewat,     61,     145;    3d 

plur.  (w.   refl.  dat.)  gewitan, 

291. 
gewitloca,  m.,  mind,    ds.  ge- 

witlocan,  69. 
gewrecan,    v.,    avenge,    imp. 

sing,  gewrec,  92. 
gifan,  v.,  give,  pret.  3d  sing. 

geaf,  343- 
gifeSe,     adj.,     granted,     nsnx 

iS7. 
gifu,  f.,  gift,  benefit,  gp.  gifena, 

i. 
gildan,  iv.,   requite,    pret.    3d 

plur.  guidon,  263. 
ginn,  adj.,  spacious,  ample,  dsf 

wk.    ginnan,    149  ;  ism.    wk. 

ginnan,  2. 

girwan,  wi.,  provide,  inf.  9. 
glaedmod,  adj.,  glad  of  heart, 

npf.  glaedmode,   140. 
glea'W,  adj.,  prudent,  wise,  nsf. 

13  ;    nsf.   wk.    gleawe, 

asf.  gleawe,  334. 


54 


gleawhydig,    adj.,     sagacious, 

prudent,  nsn.  148. 
God,  m.,  God,  ns.  83,  123,  183, 

189,   300;  gs.   Codes,  186; 

is.  Gode,  271. 
g5d,  n.,  good,  gp.  goda,  32. 
gold,  n.,  gold,  is.  golde,  171, 

3*9»  339- 

goldgifa,  m.,  gold-giver,  bene- 
factor (king),  as.  goldgifan, 
279. 

goldwine,  m.,  gold-friend 
(king'),  ns.  22. 

gram,  adj. ,  fierce,  raging,  npm. 
grame,  224,  238. 

gr^mian,  wi.,  enrage,  infl.  pp. 
gegremede,  306. 

greot,  n.,  dust,  as.  308. 

gristbitian,  W2.,  gnash  the 
teeth,  inf.  271. 

grund,  m.,  earth,  is.  grunde, 
2  ;  region,  ap.  grundas,  349. 

guma,  m.,  man,  hero,  np.  gum- 
an,  306  ;  gp.  gumena,  9,  22, 
32,  62,  66,  91,  148,  186, 
329. 

giiS,  m.,  war,  ds.  gufte,  1235 
is.  gu'Se,  306. 

tguSfana,  m.,  gonfalon,  stand- 
ard, dp.  guSfanum,  219. 

guSfreca,  m.,  warrior,  np. 
giiSfrecan,  224. 

iguSsceorp,  n. ,  war-trappings, 
as.  329. 


Jgylian,   wi.,  yell,    ind.    pret.. 

3d  sing,  gylede,  25. 
gyrnan,   wi.,  yearn  for,  pret 

3d  sing,  gyrnde,  347. 
Jgystern,    n.,    guest-hall,     d  . 

gysterne,  40. 
gyt,  adv., yet,  107,  182. 
tgytesiel,  m.,jqy  at  wine-pour" 

ing,  dp.  gytesalum,  22. 

H. 

habban,  W3.   (always  followed 

by  past  part.),  ha=ve,  3d  sing. 

hafaiS,    197  ;    pret.    3d  >sing. 

haefde,    64,     122,     260;     3d 

plur.  haefdon,  140,  219,  319. 
hseftan,    wi.,    bind,    imprison, 

pp.  gehasfted,  1 1 6. 
haeleS,  m.,  man,  hero,  np.   56, 

177,    203,    225,     303  ;    gp. 

haeleSa,  51  ;  ap.  247. 
haste,  adv.  (Ms.  hasfte),  fierce- 
ly, stoutly,  263. 
hseSen,     adj.,     heathen,     gsm. 

ha1S(e)nes,     179;     asm.    wk. 

ha'8(e)nan,  98,  1 10  ;  gp.  hs5- 

enra,  216. 
halig,adj.,Ao/y,nsf.  wk.  hal(i)ge, 

56,  160;  dsf.  haligre,  98;  dsf. 

wk.  ri."il(i)gan,  203;  asf.  halgan, 

260. 
ham,    m.,  home,  dwelling,  ds. 

121. 


55 


ham,  adv.,  home,  131. 

hand,  f.,  hand,  as.  198,  hond, 

130. 
har,    adj.,     hoary,   gray,     apf. 

hare,  328. 
hatan,  rd.,  command,  pret.  3d 

sing,   het,    9,   32,    34,     147, 

1715  opt.  pret.  3d  sing,  hete, 

53- 

hate,  adv.,  hotly,  94. 

he,  pers.  pron.,  he,  ns.  4,  60,  63, 
65,66,68,  95,  106,  117,  118, 
184,  276,  280;  nsf.  heo,  2,  6, 
75,  102,  105,  145,  345,  347; 
gs.  his(asposs.  pron.),  16,  31, 
36,  63  (2),  64,68,  279,  281, 
282,  350  5  gs.  hyre  (as  poss. 
pron.),  127,  i72;ds.  him,  53, 
60,  96,  106,  no,  183,  185; 
ds.  hyre,  5,  97,  99,  123,  124, 
130,  149,  175,  335,  343  ;as. 
hyne,  13,  44,  96,  99,  277  ; 
as.  hie,  4,  170;  hi,  94, 150;  as. 
hit,  130;  hyt,  174;  np.  hie, 
10,  15,  19,  30,  31,  37,  40, 
54,  134,  *36>  J38>  ^o*  J68, 
*35>  24T>  322>  hl>  27>  160, 
269,  290,  302,  335,  341;  gp. 
aeora  (as  poss.  pron.),  38,  56  ; 
hyra,  128  (as  poss.  pron.)  251, 
264,  268,  272, 291,  316,  hira, 
274;  dp.  him,  38,  208,  209, 
216,240,  244,252,  274,  291, 
zga,  298,  300,  323. 


heafod,  n.,  head,  ns.  no;  as. 

126,  173,  179. 
Jheafodgerim,    n.,   number  by 

heads,  gs.  heafodgerimes,  309. 
heafod weard,  m.,  chief  guar- 
dian, np.  heafodweardas,  239. 
h€ah,  adj.,  high,  dsn.  wk.  hean, 

43;  asm.  heanne,  161;  superl. 

hehsta,  nsm.,  94,  hyhsta,  309; 

gsm.  hehstan,  4  (2). 
healdan,   rd.,  hold,  keep,  pret 

3d  plur.  heoldon,  142. 
healdend,   m.,  keeper,    leader, 

ns.  290. 
healf,  adj.,  half,  asm.  healfne, 

105. 
hean,  adj.,  lo*wly,  servile,  qfloiv 

degree y  asm.  heanne,  234. 
heap,  m.,  cro-ivd,  swarm,  dp. 

heapum,  163. 
heard,  adj.,  hard,  brave,  asm. 

heardne,  79;  sharp,  dp.  heard- 

um,  263;  gp.  heardra,  225. 
hearde,  adv.,  painfully,  griev- 
ously, 1 1 6,  216. 
hearra,  m. ,  lord,  ds.  hearran,  5  a 
heaSorinc,    m.    warrior,     gs. 

heatJorinces,  179;  np.  hea'So- 

rincas,  212. 
heawan,  rd.  he*w,  cleave,  pret. 

3d  plur.  heowon,  304. 
Jh^llebryne,  m.,  hell-fire,  ds. 

116. 
helm,  m.,  helmet,  as.    338;  ap 


helmas,    193,   318,  328;  dp. 

helmum,  203. 

help,  f.,  help,  ds.  helpe,  96. 
heofon,  m. ,  heaven,  dp.  heofon- 

um,  344. 
Iheolfrig,  adj.,  gory,  asn.  130, 

317. 
Jheolstor,  adj., dusky, darksome, 

dsm.  wk.  heolstran,  121. 
heorte,  f.,  heart,  ns.  87. 
Jheoruw»pen,  n.,  sword,  dp. 

heoruwspnum,  263. 
her,  adv.,  here,  177,  285,  289. 
herbuend,    m.,    here  -  dweller, 

dweller  on  earth,  gp.   herbu- 

endra,  96. 
h^re,  m., army, host, ns.  161  ;  gs. 

heriges,  294  ;  ds.  herige,  135. 
I h^ refolc,  n. ,  army,  gs.  herefolc- 

es,  234,  239. 
he/paS,  in  ,  war-path,  passage 

for  the  army,  road,  as.  303. 
h^rereaf,  n.,  plunder,  spoil,  as. 

317. 
Jhe/ewaeSa,  m.,  warrior,    gs. 

h?rew£e*5an,  126,  173. 
Jhe^teSqncol,   adj.,   hostile,   as. 

netetfoncolne,  105. 
hige,  m.,  soul,  ns.  87. 
higerof,    adj.,     -valiant,    npm. 

higerofe,  303. 
higeS9ncol,    adj.,     thoughtful, 

wise,  dsf.  higefioncolre,  131. 
hild,  f.,  conflict,  battle,  as.  hilde 


(Mr.   hyldo),   251;    is.  hilde, 
294. 
IhildeleoS,  n.,  battle-song,  as. 

211. 

hildenaedre,  f. ,  battle-adder,  ar- 
row, ap.  hildenzdran,  222. 
hinsiS,  m.,  departure,  death,  ds. 

hinsISe,  117. 
hlasstan,  wi.,  lade,  infl.  pp.  ge- 

hlaeste,  36. 
hlaford,  m.,  lord,  ds.  hlaforde, 

251. 
hlanc,     adj.,     lank,    nsm.  wk. 

hlanca,  205. 
hlihhan,    vi.,  laugh,   pret.    3d 

sing,  hloh,  23. 
hlimman,  in.,    resound,     pret. 

3d  plur.  hlummon,  205. 
hlude,  adv.,  loudly,   205,   223, 

270. 
hlydan,    wi.,    roar,    pret.    3d 

sing,  hlydde,  23. 
hlynian,    wi.,    clamor,     pret. 

3d  sing,  hlynede,  23. 
hogian,  w2.,     have   in  mind, 

plan,  pret.  3d  plur.  hogedon, 

250,  273. 
Holofernus,  pr.  n.,  ns.  21,  46  ; 

gs.     1 80,    250  }    Holofernes, 

337;   as.  7. 
hQtid,  see  hand. 
hopian,  w2.,  hope,  inf.  117. 
hornboga,  m.,  bow  of  horn,  dp. 

hornhogan,  222. 


hosp,  m.,  reproach,  abuse,  as. 

216. 

hraegl,  n.,  raiment,  as.  282. 
hraew,  n.,  corpse,  ap.  314. 
hraSe,  adv.,  speedily,  37. 
hrefn,  m.,  raven,  ns.  206. 
hreoh,    adj.,    furious,     raging, 

nsm.  282. 
hreoSan,  n.,  adorn,  infl.  pp.  ge- 

hrodene,  37. 
hreowigmod,  adj.,  /a*/  of  soul, 

npm.  hreowigmode,  290. 
hreSer,  m.(?),  breast,  ds.  hreflre, 

94- 
bring,  m.,  ring,   dp.  hringum, 

37- 

hrof,  n.,  roof,  ds.  hr5fe,  67. 
hu,  adv.,  A0<u;,  25,  75, 160,  175, 

259. 

hund,  m.,  dog,  hound,  as.  no. 
hupseax,     n.,     dagger,    short 

sword,  ap.  328. 
huru,  adv.,  at  all,  in  the  least, 

346. 
hwa,    pron.,    some    one,    asm. 

hwasne,  52. 
thwealf,  adj.,  vaulted,  hollow, 

dpf.  hwealfiim,  214. 
hwearf,  m.,  crowd,  dp.  hwearf- 

um,  249. 
hweorfan,    HI.,    depart,    flee, 

pret.  3d  sing,  hwearf,  112. 
hwll,  f.,  while,  time,  as.  hwile, 

214. 


57 

hyht,  f.,  hope,  confidence,  ns. 
97- 

Jhyhtwyn(n),  f.,  joy  of  hope, 
gp.  hyhtwynna,  121. 

hyldo,  f.,  grace,  favor,  gs. 
hyldo,  4. 

hyrde,  m.,  shepherd,  guardian, 
ns.  60. 

hyrnedn^b(b),  adj.,  horny- 
beaked,  nsm.  wk.  hyrned- 
nebba,  212. 

hyrst,  f.,  ornament,  ap.  hyrsta, 

I. 

ic,  pron.,  /,  ns.  7,  83,  89,  91, 

152,  185,  1 86,  246;  ds.  me, 

85,  86,  88,  90,  93  ;  np.  we, 

[288]  ;  gp.    ure,    285,   2905 

dp.  us,  1 8 1,  184. 
ides,  f.,  'woman,  ns.   14,   109, 

128,  146;  ds.  idese,  341;  as. 

idese,  55,  58;  np.  idesa,  133. 
in,  prep.  w.  dat.  or  instr.,  in,  2, 

116,  121,  143,206,  255,  345; 

w.  ace.,  into,  193,  276. 
in,  adv.,  in,  150,  170. 
inn,  n.,  chamber,  ds.  inne,  70. 
inne,  adv.,  in,  45. 
inwid,  adj.  wicked,  malign,  nsm. 

wk.  inwidda,  28. 
irnan,  in.,   run,  pret.  3d  plur. 

urnon,  164. 
ludith,  pr.  n.,  n.  13,  123,  132, 


168,  256,342,  ludith(e),  144; 
g.  ludithe,  334;  a.  ludithe 
(Ms.  luditkSe),  40. 

L. 

laedan,  wi.,   lead,   bring,  pret. 

3d  sing.  Isdde,  129  ;  3d  plur. 

laeddon,  72,  3265  inf.  42. 
laetan,  rd.,  let,   pret.    3d  plur. 

leton,  221. 
IseSSu,  f.,  affliction,  gp.  ISOTa, 

158;  dp.  la&Sum,  184. 
landbuend,  m.,    land-diveller, 

native,  np.  landbuende,  226  ; 

dp.  londbuendum,  315. 
lang,  adj.,  long,  comp.  lengra  : 

gsn.  lengran,  184. 
lange,  adv.,    long,    158,    347  ; 

comp.  leng,  153. 
lar,    f.,    counsel,   guidance,    as. 

lare,  334. 
last,  m.,    track,  footprint,    as. 

209,  292  ;  ds.  laste,  298. 
late,  adv.,  late,  275. 
laS,  adj.,  hostile,  hateful,   nsm. 

45;    dsn.  la^um,    226;    asm. 

laSne,  72,  101;  gsn.  wk.  laft- 

»n>  S^JgP-^Sra,  298,  304; 

superl.   (in  predicate)  laiSost, 

323;  gsm.  la'Sestan,  178;  dpm. 

laSestan,  315. 
lean,    n.,   renvardt  gs.   leanes, 

347. 


lleap,  m.,  trunk,  ns.  in. 

leas,  adj.  w.  gen.,  without,  de- 
prived of,  nsm.  121. 

leode,  mpl.,  people,  gp.  leoda, 
178;  dp.  leodum,  147. 

leodhata,  m.,  people-hater,  ty- 
rant, as.  leodhatan,  72. 

leof,  adj.,  dear,  beloved,  nsf. 
147;  dsm.  wk.  leofan,  347. 

leoht,  adj.,  bright,  radiant,  asm. 
leohtne,  191. 

leoma,  m.,  light,  as.  leoman, 
191. 

libban,  W3.,  live,  pret.  3d  plur. 
lyfdon,  297. 

licgan,  v.,  lie,  3d  sing.  11$,  289; 
pret.  3d  sing,  laeg,  106,  in, 
294;  3d  plur.  lagon,  30  ;  inf. 
278. 

Hf,  n.,  life,  gs.  lifes,  184,  2805 
ds.  life,  [28*?].  332. 

lind,  f.,  linden-shield,  shield, 
dp.  lindum,  2145  ap.  linde, 

_  191,  3°4- 
lindwiggend,  m.,  warrior,  np. 

lindwiggende,  42  ;  gp.   lind- 

[wiggendra],  298. 
list,  m.,  skill,  dp.  listum  (adv.), 

101. 

l^nd-,  see  land-, 
losian,   W2.,    lose,   be  lost,  inf. 

288. 
lungre,  adv., forthwith, instant- 

ly,  147,  280. 

• 


iust,  m.,joy,  dp.  lustum,    161. 
lyft,  f.,  air,  ap.  lyfte,  348. 
ly thwon,  n.  w.  gen. ,  few,  311. 

M. 

maegen,  n. ,  force,  armed  force, 

ns.  253,  261. 
m3egeneacen,adj.,  abundant  in 

might,  powerful,  nsn.  293. 
maegS,   f.,   maid,    maiden,    ns. 

78,  125,  145,  2545 gs.  33S;as. 

_35>  43>  l65>  26°  5  nP-   *35- 
mxgS,    f.,    /r/fo,    nation,    gp. 

mJegtSa,  325. 
miere,  adj.,  renowned,  splendid, 

dsm.   wk.    mieran,  3  ;  comp. 

gp.  m£rra,  330;    superl.  m5r- 

ost,  nsf.  325. 
mserSu,   f.,  .f/ory,    as.    maerge, 

344- 

rasest,  see  micel. 

magan,  prp.,  can,  ist  sing. 
maeg,  152;  2d  plur.  magon, 
177  ;  pret.  3d  sing,  mihte, 
102  ;  3d  plur.  mihton,  235  ; 
opt.  pres.  3d  sing,  maege,  331; 
pret.  3d  sing,  mihte.,  49,  75  ; 
3d  plur.  mihten,  24,  136. 

magoSegn,  m.  clansman,  hench- 
man, np.  magoiSegnas,  236. 

man,  m.,  man,  one,  ns.  mon, 
292,  330  ;  ds.  men,  167  }  gp. 
monna,  52,  181,  manna,  235. 


manian,  W2.,  admonish,  exhort, 
pret.  3d  sing,  manode,  26. 

manna,  m.,  man,  as.  mannan, 
98,  101. 

maSm  (madm),  m.,  treasure^ 
jewel,  gp.  ma'Sma,  341,  mad- 
ma,  330;  ap.  madmas,  319. 

mece,  m.,  sword,  ds.  mece,  1045 
as.  78. 

med, f.,  meed, reward,  ds.  mede, 
335  ;  as.  mede,  344. 

tmedowerig,  adj. ,  mead-weary, 
drunken  with  mead,  apm. 
medowerige,  229  $  dp.  med- 
owerigum,  245. 

medoburg,  f.,  mead-city,  festive 
city,  ds.  medobyrig,  167. 

medugal,  adj.,  wanton  'with 
mead,  nsf.  26. 

meowle,  f.,  virgin,  'woman,  ns. 
56  ;  as.  meowlan,  261. 

metod,  m.,  creator,  ordainer,  ns. 
I54i  gs-  metodes,  261. 

micel,  adj.,  much,  great,  ip. 
miclum,  10,  70;  comp.  mara: 
asf.  maran,  92  ;  superl.  msest : 
aj.  nsm.  wk.  maesta,  293  ; 
asf.  mjeste,  3  ;  sn.  as.  m£st, 
181  ;  adv.  msest,  181. 

mid,  prep.  w.  dat.  orinst.,  'with, 

29>    59   (2)»    88>   89>   95>  97 
(2),  170,  184,  272,  287. 
mihtig,  adj.,  mighty,  nsm.   92, 
198. 


00 


milts,    f.,    grace,    favor,     gs. 

miltse,    85,    92  j    as.   miltse, 

350. 
inln,  pron.,  my,  dsm.  minum,  94; 

asf.    mine,    198  ;    gp.   mlnra, 

90. 
mod,  m.,  mood,  heart,  soul,  ns. 

167;  ds.  m5de,   57,   93,  97, 

154,  282. 
mo  dig,  adj.,  excited,  courageous, 

proud,   nsm.    26  ;    nsm.   wk. 

mod(i)ga,   52  ;  gsf.  modigre, 

335- 
molde,  f.,   earth,  gs.   moldan, 

344- 
monaS,  m.,  month,  gs.  monies, 

325. 

mqn,  see  man. 

Imorgencolla,  m.,  morning  ter- 
ror, as.  morgencollan,  245. 
m  or  gent  id,     f.,     morning,    as. 

236. 
morSor,  n.,    iniquity,    torment, 

gs.  mofSres,  90  ;  gp.  morSra, 

181. 
mo  tan,  prp.,  may,  pret.  3d  sing. 

moste,    185  ;    opt.    pres.    ist 

sing,  mote,  89  ;  3d  sing,  mote, 

118. 
mund,  f.   hand,   ip.    mundum, 

229. 
mundbyrd,    f.,    protection,    as. 

3- 
murnan,  in.,  mourn,  inf.  154. 


myntan,  wi.,  suppose,  pret.  jd 
plur.  mynton,  253. 

N. 

nsfre,  adv.,  never,  91. 
niSnig,  pron.   as  subst.,  »0  o»^, 

nsm.  51. 
naes,  m.,  steep, precipice,  chasm, 

as.  113. 

nama,  m.,  name,  ds.  naman,  81. 
nan,  pron.  as  subst.,  no,  no  one, 

nsm.   257  ;   asm.   nanne,   68, 

233. 
ne,  adv.,  not,  20,  59,  117,  153, 

183,  233,  274,  346. 
ne,  conj.,  nor,  234. 
neah,  adv.,  near,  287  i  comp. 

near,  5  3 ;  superl.  nehsta,  which 

see. 
nealaecan,  wi.,  approach,  pret. 

3d  sing,  nealsehte,  34,  261. 
nehsta,  adj.,  last,  dsm.  nShstan, 

73- 

nemnan,  wi.,  name,  call,  inf. 
If. 

neosan,  wi.,  visit,  inf.  63. 
neowol, adj., profound,  abysmal, 

asm.  neowelne,  113. 
nejgend,  m.,  savior,  ns.  81 ;  gs. 

nergendes,  73  ;  ds.  nergende, 

45- 

nest,    n. .   provisions,  foo<t+  *u. 
128. 


61 


neSan,  wi.,   'venture,  pret.  3d 

sing.  ne'Sde,  277. 
niht,   f.,    night,     ns.     34;    ds. 

nihte,  64  ;  gs.  (as  adv. )  nihtes, 

45- 

niman,  iv.,  capture,  infl.  inf. 
to  nimanne,  314. 

niS,  m.,  'war,  is.  nifte,  53  ;  in- 
iquity, gp.  nrSa,  34  ;  tribula- 
tion, dp.  nlSum,  287. 

niSheard,  adj.,  daring,  undaunt- 
ed, nsm.  277. 

niShycgend,  m.,  evil-schemer, 
ap.  nrShycgende,  233. 

nlwian,  wz.,  renew,  reanimate, 
pp.  genlwod,  98. 

no,  adv. ,  not  at  all,  117. 

nu,  adv.,  now,  92,  186,  [287]. 

nu  Sa,  adv.,  now,  86. 

nyd,  f.,  need,  ns.  277. 

nymSe,  conj.,  unless,  52. 

nyste,  see  witan. 

nySerian,  W2.,  humble,  put 
to  shame,  pp.  genySerad, 
113. 

O. 

of,  prep.  w.   dat.,  of,  70,    135  ; 

from,    79,   119,     149,    203, 

222,  230,  356. 
ofdune,  adv.,  down,  291. 
ofer,  prep.  w.   ace.,   over,    28, 

161. 


ofercuman,  iv.,  overcome,  in' 

235. 
toferdr^ncan,  wi.,   intoxicai^ 

inebriate,  pret.  30!  sing,  ofe- 

drencte,  31. 
oferwinnan,  HI.,   conquer,  pt 

oferwunnen,  320. 
ofost,  f.,  haste,  ip.  ofstum,  i< 

35»  70. 
ofostlice,  adv.,   quickly,  fort,r 

'with,  150,  169. 
on,  prep.  w.  dat.,  in,  5,  13,  22, 

30,  57,  66,  69,  93,   94,   97, 

1 06,  127,  154,  I  6  I,   167,  202, 

278,  322,  333  (Ms.  and), 
344  j  on,  65,  282,  295,  298, 
320  j  into,  57  ;  upon,  of,  .109; 
from,  315  ;  w.  ace.,  on,  50, 
51,  in,  145,  178,209,292,. 
301,307,  (to?)  308,  313;  for, 
445  to,  54,  (=as)  301  ;  in, 
130,  (^y-?)  266,  292;  at, 
204,  236,  307. 

on,  adv.,  in,  129. 

onbryrdan,  wi.,  inspire,  pret. 
3d  sing,  onbryrde,  95. 

onettan,  wi.,  hasten,  hurry, 
pret.  3d  sing.  Snette,  162;  3<j 
plur.  onettan,  139. 

ongean,  prep.  w.  ace.,  toward, 
165. 

onginnan,  HI.,  begin,  pret.  3d 
sing,  ongan,  80,  281  ;  id 
plur.  ongannon,  42,  270. 


62 


ongitan,  v.,    perceive,    learn, 

pret.  3d  plur.  ongeaton,  168, 

23_8. 
onhaetan,  \vi.,jire,  enkindle,  pp. 

onhsted,  87. 
oninnan,   prep.   w.    ace.,   into, 

among,  313. 
onleon,  i.,  w.  dat.  of  pers.  and 

gen.     of    thing,     'vouchsafe, 

grant,  pret.   3d  sing,   onleah, 

124. 
onmiddan,  prep.  w.  dat.,  amid, 

upon,  on  ...  middan,   68. 
onwaecnan,   vi.,    awake,    opt. 

pret.  3d   sing.  onw5ce,  77. 
JonwriSan,  I.,  uncover,  disclose, 

inf.  173. 
ore,  m.,  pitcher,  flagon,  np.  orc- 

as,  1 8. 
oretmaecg,    m.,   warrior,    ap. 

oretmaecgas,  232. 
orfeorme,    adj.,    w.    inst.,    de- 
prived of,  npm.  271. 
orsawle,    adj.,    lifeless,    nsm. 

108. 

oS,  conj.,  until,  140,  293. 
oSer,  adj.,  other,  asf.  o'Sre,  109. 
ooSaet,   conj.,  until,  ofyxt,  30, 

33,  134,  238. 
o55e,  conj.,  or,  259,  340. 
o66ringan,  in.,  w.  dat.  of  pers. 

and  ace.  of  thing,  wrest  a-ivay, 

deprive,  pret.    ist   sing.    o"S- 

J>rong,  185. 


R. 

raed,   m.,  sense,    gp.   rseda,    68 j 

good  counsel,  ds.  r£de,  97. 
raefnan,    wi.,     perform,     pret. 

3  d  plur.  rasfndon,  1 1 . 
rieswa,   m.,  chief,    leader,    np. 

neswan,  12,  178. 
randwiggend,    m.,      warrior, 

gp.  randwiggendra,  188  ;  np. 

rondwiggende,  u,  20. 
read,    adj.,  red,   dsn.   readum, 

339- 

recene,  adv.,  immediately,  188. 
rSocan,  u.,  reek,  infl.  pres.  part. 

reocende,  314. 
r^st,  f. ,  couch,    bed,  ds.   reste, 

68  ;  as.  reste,  54. 
r^stan,  wi.,  rest,  pret.  3d  sing. 

reste,    44  ;    3d   plur.    reston, 

322. 
reSe,  adj.,  raging,  rude,  savage, 

apm.  349. 
rice,  adj.,  powerful,   nsm.    wk. 

rlca,     20,     44,      68  ;      dsm. 

wk.    rlcan,    1 1  ;    asm.    noble, 

234. 

rice,  n.,  kingdom,  ds.  344. 
riht,    adj.,     right,    true,    dsm. 

rihte,  97. 
rinc,  m.,    warrior,    man,    gp. 

rinca,  54,  339. 
rodor,  m.,  heaven,   dp.   roder- 

um,  5  ;  ap.  roderas,  349. 


rof,     adj.,    vigorous,     valiant, 
npm.    rofe,     20;    gp.    rofra, 

S3- 

r9ndwiggend,  seerandwiggend. 
rum,  adj.,  spacious,  apm.  rume, 

349- 
rum,  n.,  room,  opportunity,   ns. 

314. 

rume,  adv.,  spaciously,  97. 
run,  f.,  council,  ds.  rune,  54. 

S. 

sacu,  f.,  strife,  battle,  ds.  saecce, 

289. 
saegan,  wi.,   lay  low,  pp.   ge- 

jxged,  294. 
saelan,  wi.,  bind,  pp.  gesaeled, 

114. 
salowigpad,  adj.,  dark-coated, 

nsm.   wk.  salowigpada,  211. 
sar,   adj.,    grievous,  sore,    gp. 

sarra,  183. 

sceacan,  vi.,  hasten,   inf.  292. 
scealc,  m.,  man,    np.    scealcas, 

230. 
scearp,      adj.,     sharp,       asm. 

scearpne,  78. 
scCaS,    f.,   sheath,    ds.   sceai5e, 

79  ;  dp.  sceaftum,  230. 
scea6a,  m.,   enemy,  gp.    scea'5- 

ena,  193. 
sceotend,  m.,   shooter,  fighter, 

np.,  305. 


63 

see  ran,   iv.,  cut,  cleave,   pret 

3d  plur.  scleron,  305. 
scild,   m.,   shield,   np.    scildas, 

204. 
scildburh,  f.,  testudo,   roof  of 

shields,  shield-roofed  phalanx, 

as.  305. 
scir,    adj.,     bright,    gleaming, 

apm.  sclre,  193. 
tscirnueled,      adj.,     splendidly 

marked,  splendidly  decorated, 

apn.  230. 
sculan,  prp.,  shall,  be  about  to, 

3d  sing,  sceal,  119  ;   ist  plur. 

sculon,   288  ;  pret.    3d  sing. 

sceolde,  63. 
scur,   m.,   storm   of  battle,   dp. 

scurum,      79  ;     shower,    ap. 

scuras,  221. 

scyne,  adj.,  beautiful,  apf.  317. 
scyppend,     m.,    creator,     gs. 

scyppendes,  78. 
se,    dem.   pron.  and   def.  art., 

that,  the,  nsm   9,  20,  25,  28, 

32,  44,  48,  52,  61,    68,    76, 

94,  in,  205,  206,  252,  254, 

4S6>  293>  3°9>  339J  nsf-  seo, 
34,  56,  125,  160,  171,  176, 
254,  256,  324;  nsn.  J>aet, 
12,  no,  155,  216;  gsm. 
"Saes,  102,  151,  178  ;  }>aes,  4 
(2),  47,  126,  172,  248,  294; 
gsf.  Here,  137  ;  gsn.  «aes,  5, 
20,  a39j  (=for  that),  342, 


t>4 


347;  J«s,  60,  162,  205, 
234;  dsm.  'Sam,  3,  7,  n, 
119,  121,  127,  135,  217, 

295>  3*5*  320>  34-6,  3475 
J>am,  346  ;  dsf.  'Sasre,  149, 
167,  203,  327,  341  ;  Here, 
286;  dsn.  "5am,  15,  40,  70, 
141,  143  (2),  152,  255,  266, 

*75>  336>  tern*  43,  176* 
asm.  "Sone,  71,  258,  259  ; 
)>one,  75,  98,  100,  104,  106, 
no;  asf.  fta,  55,  58,  in, 
165,  236,  260,  307  ;  J>a,  35, 
43  ;  asn.  iSaet,  10,  204;  )>aet, 

*9>  24»  59>  8z>  J51.  l8*> 
241,  276,  283,  341  ;ism.  J.y, 
12;  isn.  J>e,  53  ;  J>on,  92  ;  np. 
•Sa,  208,  236,  332;  )>a,  133  ; 
gp.  J>ara,  158,  276  ;  ap.  iSam, 
9,  220,  283  ;  >am,  175,  242  ; 
ap.  "Sa,  10. 
se,  rel.  pron.,  that,  asn.  J>aet, 

33*>  339- 
searoSqncol,    adj.,    discerning, 

sagacious,     nsf.      145  ;     gp. 

searoiSoncelra,  331. 
3ecan,  wi.,  J^,  3d  sing.  secetS, 

96. 
s^cg,  m.,  man,  hero,  np.  secgas, 

2OI. 

s^cgan,  W3.,  tell,  ascribe,  pret. 

3d    sing,    sasgde,    342  ;    inf. 

152. 
S^ndan,     wi.,    send,    pret.    3d 


sing,  (or  opt.  pres.    3d  sing.) 

sende,  190  ;  3d  plur.  sendon, 

224. 
se  Se,  rel.  pron.,  that,  gsn.  }>aes 

fte     ( ^  since),    13;    ( =  be- 
cause), 345  ;  npm.  'Sa'Se,  238, 

297  ;  }>aiSe,  214,  323. 
sid,    adj.,    roomy,    ample,     apf. 

side,  338. 
sigefolc,  n.,    victorious  people, 

ds.  sigefolce,  152. 
sigerSf,  adj.,  earnest  for 'victory, 

valorous,  np.  sigerofe,  177. 
sigeSuf,  m.,   triumphal  banner, 

ap.  [sige]"Sufas,  201. 
sigew9ng,  m. ,  field  of  victory, 

ds.  sigewonge,  295. 
sigor,  m.,  victory,  triumph,  gs. 

sigores,     124  ;    as.     89  ;    is. 
_  sigor(e),  299. 
sigorlean,  n.,   reward  of  vie-. 

tory,  as.  345. 
sin,  pron.,  his,  her,  dsf.  smre, 

132  ;  dsn.   sinum,   99  ;  apm. 

sine,  29. 
sine,   m.,  treasure,   riches,  gs. 

sinces,  30,  340. 
singan,  in.,  sing,  pret.  3d  sing. 

sang,  211. 
sittan,  v.,  sit,  inf.  15;  pret.  3d 

plur.  saeton,    141;   opt.   pret. 

3d  sing.  sJete,  252. 
siS,  m.,  journey,  time,  as.  145; 

is.  side,  73,  109. 


SiS,  adv.,  tardily,  275. 

t,  n.,  journey,  ds.   srSfate, 


slasp,  m.,  j/^/>,  is.  slaepe,  247. 
slean,    vi.,  smite,   strike,   pret. 

3d  sing,  sloh,  103,  108;  strike 

down,    slay,    pret.    3d   plur. 

slogon,  231. 
Jsl?gefse"ge,  adj.,  doomed  to  per- 

ish, apm.  247. 
snel(l),  adj.,  active,  swift-mow- 

ing, gP-  snelra,  199. 
snotor,  adj.,  prudent,  wise,  nsf. 

wk.    snotere,    125;   asf.    wk. 

snoteran,  55. 
snude,  adv.,  quickly,   55,  125, 

199. 
sqmod,  adv.,  together,  163,  269, 

282,  288. 
sorg,  f.,   sorrow,  distress,   gp. 

sorga,  182;  dp.  sorgum,  88. 
SoS,  adj.,  true,  asm.  softne,  89, 

345- 
sparian,  w2.,  spare,  pret.    3d 

plur.  sparedon,  233. 
spowan,  rd.   impers.   w.    dat., 

succeed,  pret.  3d  sing,  speow, 

274. 
sprecan,  v.,    speak,    pret.     3d 

sing,  spraec,  160,  176. 
standan,  vi.,    stand,    pret.    3d 

plur.  stodon,  267. 


179- 


steap,   adj.,  deep,  npm.  steape, 

17- 
Jst^deheard,  adj.,/r/«,  strong, 

apm.  stedehearde,  223. 
st^ppan,  vi.,  step,  march,  pret. 

3d  plur-  stopon,  39,  69,  200, 

212,  2*7. 
st^rcedferhS,     adj.,     resolute, 

stout-hearted,   npm.     sterced- 

ferfrSe,  55,  stercedferhiSe,  227. 
stiSmod,  adj.,  stem,  fierce,  nsm. 

wk.  stltSmoda,  25. 
streel,  m.,  arrow,  ap.   strielas, 

223. 
stream,    m.,    stream,    water; 

(plur.)     sea,     ap.     streamas, 

349- 
styrman,  wi.,  storm,  pret.    3d 

sing,   styrmde,    25  ;  3d  plur. 

styrmdon,  223. 
Jstyrr.mod,  adj.,  stern  of  mood, 

npm.  styrnmode,  227. 
sum,  pron.,  a  certain  one,  some 

one,  ns.    275  ;    asm.    sumne, 

148. 

sundoryrfe,   m.,   private  pro- 
perty, gs.  sundoryrfes,  340. 
susl,    n.,   torture,    anguish,  is. 

susle,  114. 
swa,  adv.,   so,    as,  28,  32,  67, 

126,  130,  236. 
swa,  conj.,   as,    38,   95,    102, 

123,    143,    197,    277;   that, 

68. 


66 


swSsendo,  npl.,  banquet,  ap.  9. 
swatig,  adj.,  bloody,  asm.  swa- 

tigne,  338. 
swa5u,  f. ,  track,  footprint,  ds. 

swafte,  322. 
swegel,  n.,  hea<ven,  gs.  swegles, 

80,  88,  124,  345,  350. 
sweora,   m.,  neck,  as.  sweoran, 

106. 

JsweorcendferhS,  adj.,  down- 
cast, disconsolate,  npm.  sweorc- 

endferivSe,  269. 
sweord,  n.,  sword,  as.  338;  is. 

sweorde,  89,  289;  ap.  swyrd, 

230,  318;  ip.  sweordum,  194, 

295  ;    swyrdum,    264,     302, 

322. 
sweot,    n.,    troop,    army,     ns. 

299. 

sweotole.  adv.,  clearly,  177. 
sweotoliice,  adv.,  clearly,  136. 
swlma,  m.,  swoon,  ds.  swlman, 

30,  106. 
SwiS,  adj.,     strong,    comp.   isf. 

swISran  (=  rig  At),  80. 
swlSe,  adv.,  see  sw^Se. 
swiSlic,  adj.,   'violent,  furious, 

asn.  240. 
swiSmod,  adj.,  cvehement-souled, 

stern,  proud,  nsm.  30,  340. 
SwiSrian,  W2.,  destroy,  pp.  ge- 

swi'Srod,  266. 

svvutelian,  w2.,  display,  mani- 
fest, pp.  geswutelod,  285. 


swylc,  pron.,  such  as,  civhickt 

asm.  swylcne,  65. 
swylce,  adv.,  as,  18,  338,  344, 

349 

swylce,  conj.,  as  if,  31. 
swyrd,  see  sweord. 
tswyrdgeswing,    n.,     snvord- 

stroke,  s'word-brandishing,  as. 

240. 
swySe,  adv.,  much,  greatly,  88; 

comp.  swfSor,  182. 
sylf,    pron.,     self,    own,    gsm. 

sylfes,  350  ;  dsf.  sylfre,  336  5 

asn.  204;  gp.  sylfra,  285. 
sym(b)el,  n.,  feast,  ds.  symle, 

15- 

symbel,  n.,  continuance,  per- 
petuity, as.  44  (on  symbel  = 
always). 

sySSan,  adv.,  after,  since,  114, 
syoSan,  conj.,  as  soon  as,  160, 
168,  189,  218. 

T. 

tacnian,  W2.,  signify,    betoken, 

pp.  getacnod,  197,  286. 
teon,  ii.,   draw,  pull,  pret.  3d 

sing,  teah,  99. 
teran,  iv.,  tear,  inf.  281. 
tid,  f.,  time,  ds.  tide,  286  ;  as. 

307. 
tilian,  W2.    w.    gen.,  provide, 

inf.  208. 


tlr,  m.,  glory,  ns.  157;  gs.  tires, 
93,  272  ;  as.  197. 

}ti5,  f.,  gift,  boon,  as.  tliSe,  6. 

to,  prep.  w.  dat.,  to,  9,  u,  15, 
16,  36,  40,  43,  54,  73,  141, 
147,152,  169,  176,  189,  196, 

202,   213,220,275,  28l,  283, 

312,  327;  in,  7,  323,  346;  as, 

96,  174,  296,  297,  335;  for, 

120,  200,  348. 
tobredan,  in.  w.    instr.,  shake 

off,  inf.  tobred[a]n,  247. 
togeanes,  prep.w.  dat. ,  toward, 

149. 
tohte,  f.,   conflict,    ds.    tohtan, 

197. 
torht,  adj.,  illustrious,  asf.  wk. 

torhtan,  43. 
torhtlic,    adj.,  splendid,    nsm. 

!57- 

torhtmod,  adj.,  glorious,  nsm. 
6,  93. 

torn,  m.,  grief,  rage,  as.  272. 

torne,  adv.,  wretchedly,  miser- 
ably, 93. 

toS,  m.,  tooth,  dp.  tofton,  272. 

toweard,  adj.,  approaching,  im- 
minent, nsm.  157,  286. 

traef,  o. ,  tent,  pavilion,  ds.  traefe, 
43,  255;  as.  268. 

trurn,  adj.,  firm,  settled,  asm. 
trumne,  6. 

tweogan,  W2.,  doubt,  pret.  3d 
sing,  tweode,  i,  346. 


D. 

Sa,  adv.,  then,  2,  7,  15,  ai, 
34,  4i,  54,  55,  61,  64,  67, 
77,  80,  94,  98,  103,  107, 
108,  122,  130,  132,  138, 
*4-&>  147,  169,  176,  220, 
269,  278,  290,  302,  324  ; 

Hi,   73>    97»   i°7,  "5*    *59» 

171,    199,    246,    272,     275, 

280. 

Si,  con}.,  'when,  J>a,  3,  145. 
Saer,    adv.,    there,    113,     119, 

284;  >zr,  17,  46,  308  ;  "Sir, 

2. 
8aer,  conj.,  where,  Her,  40,  44, 

«S- 

Saerinne,  adv.,  therein,  50  (c£ 
also  J>zr  .  .  .  inne,  44-45). 

Saet,  conj.,  that, )>aet, introducing 
result  clauses ;  4  (or  final), 
48  (or  final),  105,  106,  no, 
136  ;  introducing  substantive 
clauses  :  (a)  subject,  156,  286; 
(b)  object,  27,  56,  89,  93, 
118,153,  1 68,  1 84  (or  final), 
188,  208,  240,  254,  276  (da- 
tive relation,  March,  AS. 
Gram.  §  468,  b). 

SancolmSd,  adj.,  discreet,  heed- 
ful, attentive,  asf.  >ancolmode, 
172. 

Sanonne,  adv.,  thence,  aiuay 
J>anonne,  132. 


68 


5e,  pron. ,  'who,  it/hick,  that,  J>e, 
50,  71,  96,  124,  158,  181, 
235,  258,  284,  343,  347, 
348  ;  in  locative  sense  (=  in 
'which'),  J>e,  127,  288  (?). 

Se,  conj.,  J>e,  since,  because,  6. 

Seah,  adv.,  ho<ive*ver,  257. 

Seah,  conj.,  J>eah,  though,  20. 

Searf,  f.,  need,  as.  bearfe,  3,  92. 

Searfende,  adj.,  needy,  dsf.  bearf- 
endre  (Ms.  }>earf  fendre)?  85. 

Searle,  adv.,  'very,  exceedingly, 
)>earle,  74,  86,  262,  268,  307. 

JSearlmod,  adj.,  stout-souled, 
puissant,  nsm.  J>earlm5d,  66, 
91. 

65aw,  m. ,  conduct j  in  plur. , 
morals,  virtues,  dp.  "Seawum, 
129. 

Ceg(e)n,  m.,  'warrior,  np. 
)>egnas,  307  ;  officer,  ap.  «eg- 
nas,  10. 

S^ncan,  wi.,  intend,  mean,  pret. 
3d  sing.  J>6hte,  58  ;  3d  plur. 
t>6hton,  208. 

S^nden,  conj.,  J>enden,  'while, 
66. 

Seoden,  m.,  prince,  king,  ns. 
66  ;  J>eoden,  91;  gs.  )>eodnes, 
165,  268;  ds.  >eodne,  n; 
Lord,  King,  ds.  >>eodne,  3. 

JSeodguma,  m.,  man  of  the  peo- 
ple, np.  J>eodguman,  2085  'Seod- 
guman,  332. 


,    f.,     handmaid,    ns. 

}>eowen,  74. 
5es,    pron.,     this,     dsf.    'Sysse, 

66;     asm.     J>ysne,    90  ;    ism. 

•Sys,    2}    J>ys,     89;  gp.    >yssa, 

187. 
Sicgan,    v.,   receive,    pret.    3d 

plur.  t>egon,  19. 
Sin,   pron.,  thy,  gsf.  Jnnre,  85, 

91. 
|6inen,  f.,  handmaid,  as.   'Sin- 

enne,  172. 
Sing,  n.,  thing,  deed,  gs.  'Singes, 

60;  as.  Hng,  153. 
Solian,   W2.,  endure,   pret.    3d 

plur.     )>oledon,      215;    pres. 

part.  >oligende,  272. 
S9nan,  adv.,  thence,  118. 
59ncwyrSe,     adj.,  memorable, 

asn.  >oncwyr^e,  153. 
Sonne,  conj.,  than,  J>onne,  330. 
Srag,    f. ,    time   (ealle    "Srage  = 

continuously),  as.  )rage,  237. 
Sreat,  m.,   company,  cohort,  is. 

"Sreate,  62;  ip.  "Sreatum,  164. 
Sringan,   in.,  throng,  pret.    3d 

plur.     t>rungon,     1 64 ;    prest 

forward,  approach,  inf.  King- 

an,      249  ;    pp.      ge'Srungen, 

287. 
Srym,   m.,   majesty,   ns.    "Srym, 

865  Jrymmes,  60;  courage,is. 

t>rymme,  332;  troop,  ip.  tirym- 

muni,  164. 


Srymful,  adj.,  majestic,  peerless, 

nsf.  Hymful,  74. 
Srymlic,   adj.,   sumptuous,  apn. 

}>rymlic,  8. 
Srynes,  f.,  1'rinity,  gs.  'Srynesse, 

86. 
Su,  pron.,  thou,  as.  fte,  83;  np. 

ge,  153,  158,  177,  196  ;   dp. 

eow,    152,    154,     156,    1 8 8, 

197  $  ap.  eow,  1 88. 
Surfan,  prp.  need,  pres.  3d  sing. 

Searf,     117;    opt.     pres     ad 

plur.  >yrfen,  153. 
Surh,    prep.    w.    ace.,   through, 

Jmrh,  49   (adv.?),  151,  304; 

by  means  of,    186,    198,  334, 

350. 

Sus,  adv.,  thus,  Mis,  93. 
Susendmselum,  adv.,    by  thou- 
sands, Jnisendmz]um,   165. 
Syder,  adv.,  thither,  >yder,  129. 
Systre,  adj.,  gloomy,  nsf.  J>ystre, 

34- 

Systru,  f.,  shade,  darkness   dp. 
J>ystrum,  1 1 8. 

U 

ufan,  adv.,  above,  onufan,  252. 
under,    prep.    w.     dat.,  under, 

67,  203,  219,  333  ;  w.  ace., 

113. 
unlaed,  adj.,  miserable,  gsm.  un- 


69 


unlyfigende,  adj.,  dead,  gsnx 
unlyfigendes,  180;  dp.  un» 
lyfigendum,  316. 

unnan,  prp.  w.  dat.  of  person 
and  gen.  of  thing,  grant,  pret. 
3d  sing,  ufte,  123,  183. 

unrot,  adj.,  dejected,  joyless, 
npm.  unrote,  284. 

unsofte,  adv.,  harshly,  cruelly, 
228. 

tunswSslic,  adj.,  ungentle,  bit- 
ter, grievous,  asm.  unswas- 
llcne,  65. 

unsyfre,  adj.,  impure,  nsm.  wk. 
unsyfra,  76. 

up,  adv.,  up,  9. 

urigfeSere,  adj.,  dewy-feath- 
ered, nsm.  urigfe'Sera,  210. 

ut  of,  prep.,  out,  70,  135. 

ute,  adv.,  outside,  284. 

W 

waeccan,  wi.,  'watch,  pres.  part. 

wasccende,  142. 
wselgifre,     adj.,      greedy    for 

slaughter,     ravenous,      nsm. 

207  ;  dp.  waelglfrum,  296. 
Jwaelscel,  n.   (?),  carnage,  as. 

313. 

waepen,  n.,  weapon,  ap.  191. 
wSrloga,     m.,      truce-breaker, 

perfidious     one,     traitor,    as. 

wjerlogan,  71. 


wald,    m.,    forest,    nvold,    ds. 

walde,  206. 
waldend,  m.,  ruler,  king,  ns. 

5,  61. 
wan,  adj.,  <for£,  black,  nsm.  wk. 

wanna,  206. 
JweagesiS,    m.,    companion  in 

'woe,  np.  weagesrSas,  16. 
weall,    m.,  'wall,    gs.    wealles, 

151;    as.    161;    ap.   weallas, 

137. 
wealgeat,  n.,  rampart-gate,  ds. 

wealgate,  141. 

weard,  m.,  guardian,  as.  80. 
weard,    f.,  nuard,   *watch,    as. 

wearde,  142. 
weard,  adv.,  toward,  wift  .   .   . 

weard,  99. 
wegan,  v.,  carry,  pret.  3d  plur. 

wiegon,  326. 

wel,  adv.,  'well,  27,  103. 
we  nan,   wi.   w.   gen.,   suspect, 

apprehend,     pret.      3d     sing. 

wende,  20. 
weorpan,  in.,  cast,  fling,  pret. 

3d  plur.  wurpon,  291. 
weorSan,  in.,  become,  be,  pret. 

3d  sing.   wearS,  21,  57,  97, 

155,    166,    199,    216,    265, 

275  5   3^  plur.  wurdon,  159  ; 

jmpers.  w.  ace.,  pp.   geword- 

en,  260. 
weorSian,  W2.,  honor,  pp.   ge- 

weorSod,  299. 


weorSmynd,     f.,     honor,     as. 

weorSmynde,  343. 
wer,    m.,  man,   np.   weras,   71, 

142,     163,    241  ;    ap.    weras, 

249. 

werigferhS,  adj.,  Aweary- 
hearted,  sad  of  heart,  npm. 

werigferlvSe,  291  ;  apm.  [wer- 

ig]ferh«e,  249. 
werod,   n.,  host,  ns.    1995  gp. 

weroda,  343. 
wesan,  any.,  be,    3d  sing,   ys, 

86>  (87),  93.  *54>  156,  285. 
286  ;  3d  plur.  syndon,  195  ; 
pret.  3d  sing,  waes,  12,  46, 
56>  73>  JI3>  T46,  161,  168, 
272,  314  ;  (with  negative  pre- 
fix :  naes,  107,  257;)  3d  plur. 
waron,  17,  225,  238,  255, 
284,  305,  323;  opt.  pres.  3d 
sing,  sy,  347  ;  pret.  3d  plur. 
waron,  31. 

wid,  adj.,  distant,  enduring,  dsn. 
wk.  widan,  348. 

wide,  adv.,  far  and  ivide, 
156. 

widl,  n. ,  pollution,  defilement, 
ds.  widle,  59. 

wif,  n.,  ^voman,  ns.  148,  163. 

wiga,  m.,  ^warrior,  gp,  wigena, 
49. 

wiggend,  sm.,  'warrior,  as. 
258  ;  np.  69,  141,  313  ;  dp 
wiggendum,  283. 


wiht,    adv.,    a    whit,    at    all, 

274. 

willa,  m.,   enjoyment,  gratifica- 
tion, ds.  willan,  296. 
willan,    anv.,  'will,  desire,    ist 

sing,  wylle,  84,  187  ;  pret.  3d 

sing,  wolde,  59,  183. 
win,  n.,  wine,  ds.  wine,  29  ;  is. 

wine,  67. 

•wind,  m.,  'wind,  as.  348. 
windan,  m.,  roll,  pret.  3d  sing. 

wand,  1 1  o. 
winedryhten,  m.,  friendly  lord, 

as.  (Mr.  wina-),  274. 
wingedrinc,  n.,  wine-drinking, 

wassail,  ds.  wlngedrince,  16. 
Jwinhate,  f.,  invitation  to  wine, 

as.  winhatan,  8. 
winssed,      adj.,        wine-sated, 

npm.  winsade,   71. 
witan,    prp.,    know,    pret.     3d 

plur.  w[i]stan,  207  ;  with  pre- 
fixed ne:  pret.  3d  sing,  nyste, 

68. 
wite,    n.,    torment,    agony,    ip. 

witum,  115. 
wiS,     prep.    w.    gen.,    against, 

toward,  4,  99,  162,  248  ;  w. 

ace.,  rwith,  260. 
wiSertrod,  n.,  retreat,  as.  313. 
wlanc,  adj.,  lordly,  stately,  nsf. 

326  5  npm.  wlance,  16. 
wlltan,  i.,  look,  inf.  49. 
wlitig,    adj.,   fair,     beauteous, 


gsf.  wk.    wlitegan,  137,  dsji, 

wk.  wlitegan,  255. 
wolcen,  n.,  cloud,  gp.  wolcna, 

67. 
WQm,     m.,    foulness,    sin,    ds. 

womme,  59. 

wqmfull,  adj.,  foul,  nsm.  77. 
word,  m.,  'word,  as.    82,    151, 

283  ;  ip.  wordum,  241. 
worn,  m.,  multitude,  dp.  worn- 

um,  163. 
woruld,  f.,  'world,  as.  156;  ds. 

worulde,  66. 
woruldbuend,       m. ,      world- 

dweller,  gp.   woruldbuendra, 

82. 
wr^ccan,  wi.,  awake,  arouse, 

pret.    3d  plur.  wrehton,  228, 

243. 
wuldor,  n.,  glory,  ns.  155,  248; 

gs.  wuldres,  59  ;   ds.  wuldre, 

345;  as.  J43. 

Jwuldorblaed,  m.,  glorious  suc- 
cess, ns.  156. 
wulf,  m.,  wolf,   ns.    206  ;   dp. 

wulfum,  296. 
wundenlocc, adj.,  curly-haired, 

nsf.  77,  103,  326. 
wundor,  n.,  'wonder,  dp.  wun- 

drum,  8. 
wunian,  W2.,  dwell,   pret.    3d 

sing,  wunode,  67  ;    inf.  119. 
wyllan,  see  willan. 
wyrcean,  wi.,  make,  pret.  3d 


plur.   worhton,   503  ;  strive, 

pret.    3d    sing,   worhte,   65  5 

inf.  8. 
Wyrm,   m.,   serpent,  snake,  ip. 

wyrtnum,  115. 
twyrms^ie,    m.,    serpent-hall, 

ds.  119. 


yean,  wi., augment,  aggravate, 

inf.  183. 
ymbe,  prep.  w.  ace.,  around, 

47,  268. 
yrre,  adj.,  wrathful,  npm.  225, 


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